Ultradian Rhythms free essay sample

Ultradian rhythms are bodily rhythms that last less than 24 hours. The most obvious ultradian rhythm is the different stages of sleep, existing within the ciradian rhythm of the sleep-wake cycle. Sleep is dived into cycles, each lasting about 90 minutes. During these cycles, we will experience 5 different stages of sleep- the first four being characterized as non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM), and the last stage being characterized as rapid eye movement sleep (REM). When human beings are awake, the electrical activity in their brain usually takes the form of fast, erratic brain waves. These waves are known as beta waves. During stage 1 of sleep, the brains electrical activity begins to change, with the brain waves becoming more slow and regular. This demonstrates that the persons mind is beginning to relax, and these waves are known as alpha waves. The presence of alpha waves in the brain can usually be used to indicate that the onset of sleep has occurred, and that the person is no longer awake. We will write a custom essay sample on Ultradian Rhythms or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As well as a change in electrical activity, the persons core body temperature will also drop and their heart-beat slow down. As the sleeper goes into Stage 2 of sleep, their brain waves become even slower and a greater amplitude. These are called theta waves. This shows that the brain is becoming increasingly more relaxed. During this stage of sleep, it is common to experience sudden bursts of brain activity: known as K complexes and sleep spindles. Stages 1 and 2 of sleep are commonly referred to as being as being light sleep. This means that people in these stages of sleep can be easily awoken by external factors such as noise. Stages 3 and 4 of sleep are characterized by even slower brain waves, known as delta waves. Stages 3 and 4 are often referred to as being slow-wave sleep (SWS)- and sleep during this time is far more deep than in the previous two stages. However, the sleeper has not reached a state of unconsciousness, and can still be woken up by certain external factors (eg. Parents being woek nby the sound of their baby crying). These are the stages of sleep where most of the bodies physiological repair work occurs. It can also be associated with biochemical changes, such as the release of growth hormone taking place during this time. In these first four stages of NREM sleep, dreams have been shown to be unlikely to occur. During a study by Dement and Klietman, in which participants were woken up when their brain waves indicated certain stages of sleep, it was shown that only around 7% of participants had reported having dreams when their brain activity had indicated the stages of NREM sleep. Stage 5 of sleep, the final stage in the sleep cycle before it repeats, is known as REM sleep. This the stage of sleep where brain activity is most like that of the awake brain. It is also the stage of sleep where most dreams are likely to occur.

buy custom The Civil War essay

buy custom The Civil War essay The civil war refers to a warfare that took place in the United States of America between 1860 and 1865. The war was meant to conserve and safeguard the unity that had lasted in the U.S for centuries. It is believed that the major cause of the war was differences in opinions between the Northern and Southern nations. The main source of these differences was the role to be played by the federal government in control of the States. Those who believed in effectiveness of the federal government wanted it to maintain its power, whereas those who opposed to the federal government wanted the States to be independent from control by the federal government. They proposed that each State should retain the right to formulate its own laws and should be free from directives and commands of the federal government. In most cases, these rights of individual States clashed with policies, actions and requirements of the federal government. Strong arguments, thus, cropped up over critical issues such as; taxation, military, national security, trade and slavery. This collision of conflicts resulted into the frequent disagreements between the Northern and Southern States. Causes of the Civil War According to Clark, the major cause of conflicts was economic disparity between the States (Clark, 2004). In my opinion, however, it is important to look into details of other sources of conflicts that resulted into the civil war. First and foremost are the differences in economic and social statuses between the Northern and Southern States. In South America, Eli Whitney invented a cotton gin that facilitated its production, thereby making it more profitable. Increased production of cotton required a cheaper labor. For the plantations to obtain cheap labor, they had to use coercion to deploy workers. This increased the levels of slavery in the Southern States. Consequently, South America solely depended on one crop, cotton, for its economic activities and slavery. In the contrast, the Northern States were more developed and industrialized. They did not depend on agriculture as the only economic activity. They coud purchase cotton as raw material at cheap prices from the South, process it and sell it back to them as finished goods at higher prices. This resulted into the high gross domestic product (GDP) and economic stability. These economic disparities set forth major conflicts between the two regions. In relation to the social life, the North focused on city life, while the South focused on the traditional social settings. In Northern States, there were free interactions of people from various social backgrounds who would work together in the manufacturing industries. Graves referred to this difference in economies, social composition and political views between the Northern and Southern States as sectionalism (Graves, 2001). Secondly, there were conflicts between the rights of the States and those of the federal government. After the American Revolution, two groups of different individuals with varied interests emerged. One group argued for greater rights for the States, whereas another group fought for more control by the federal government. This led to the formation of a weak federal government by the rivaling States. Leaders of this unstable federal government could meet secretly to draft the Constitution. Most people, such as Patrick Henry, were thus dissatisfied by the Constitution. Most citizens felt that the Constitution disregarded the rights of States to go on with acting independently. The federal government did not allow the States to make rulings unconstitutionally. Thirdly, there was a fight between the North and South due to Southern States persistence use of slaves. The Northern States abolished slavery, while the Southern States continued to seek free laborers to work in their cotton plantations (Graves, 2001). Fourthly, the civil war was catalyzed by the rise of Abolitionist Movement which took place in the mid eighteenth century. The Abolitionist Movement enthusiasts believed that slavery was immoral, against humanity and viewed it as a social evil. On the other hand, the Southern States regarded slavery as a moral thing and continued to practice it. This resulted into an aggressive debate between the two regioons. The fifth factor that caused civil war was the election of Abraham Lincoln as the president. When he was elected as the president in 1860, various States declared secession. South Carolina, for instance, openly and officially declared the election of Abraham Lincoln as the main cause of its need to secede. Most of the Southern States believed that President Lincoln was anti-slavery and would rule and support the interests of the Northern States. Furthermore, there was a conflict between the South and North in relation to trade tariffs. The Southern States kept low rates that did not favor the Northern States. However, some Historians argue that the trade tariffs had minimal impact on the civil war, and there is no solid evidence to link it with the American war (Doeden, 2009). Last but not least, when new territories were created, the North and the South fought over their territorial boundaries. The non-slave States wanted to segregate themselves from the slave States, for example, Alabama, Texas and Florida seceded from the Union that brought together the States. The Mexican war is also believed to have resulted from creation of new territories. Impacts on American Civilization The civil war made the once divided nations one indivisible State. After the war, States from the North and South worked towards restoring their lost unity, reconstructing and rebuilding America. According to Hansen, Gallagher and Jakes, the war laid a good foundation for rapid economic growth and industrialization, numerous innovations, such as ship building and aircrafts and a suitable basis for proper political leadership (Hansen, Gallagher Jakes, 2010). Additionally, it had great impacts on the American culture. Black culture was easily intertwined with the white Americans culture. Internationally, it enabled America to gain world power due to its unity. Similarly, it also resulted into freedom, justice and independence of the black Americans. In conclusion, America became a changed state after the civil war. Buy custom The Civil War essay

Business letter Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Business letter - Coursework Example The accident was extensive causing injury to four employees while rendering the boiler irreparable. Fortunately, the accident occurred during lunch break a feature that limited the number of causalities. The accidents could have possibly caused a catastrophe at the company had t occurred at any other time during the day. The four employees were from the mechanical department and were running a mechanical check on the boiler at the time of explosion. In yet another twist of luck, the four had moved to the control panel seeking to switch off the boiler before they could work on it at the time of the explosion. One of them had serious burns while the remaining three of them had minor burns among other injuries. The explosion caused a scare at the company. The health and safety authority arrived soon thereafter and are continuing with the investigation alongside the company’s mechanical team to determine the cause and extent of the

Retail marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Retail marketing - Essay Example The concept of retail marketing is quite different from other marketing aspects. The branding in retail industry is based on the service and quality a retail organisation is providing to the customers. In present scenario, retailing has become an international industry (Ailawadi & Keller, 2004). In this paper a company with retail based outlet is selected which has not yet made international expansion. The various important aspects that company i.e. Morrisons Supermarket has to keep a close view on for its intended expansion in international market have been explained in detail. In this paper, the competitive advantage of Morrisons over other competitors has been discussed properly. The paper covers the marketing mix and environmental condition of the retail organisation. Challenges and opportunities which can be faced by the supermarket in their endeavour of entering in the new foreign market have also been explained properly. The relevant theories of retail internationalisation are also provided in this context. 2.0 Choice of Retailer The report is required to be prepared by taking into consideration the retail marketing business of a retail outlet which has no international expansion and is planning to enter into the market of Sweden. The retail company named as Morrisons Supermarket has been chosen which is considered as the fourth leading supermarket chain in the UK. It is selected as it has no international presence and can make a significant expansion in the Swedish market. This supermarket is also selected because it has received honour for maintaining its quality standard of food products. As Sweden is a country which is much concerned with health and fitness, thus it will be a scope for such a supermarket with quality services and products to expand its retail outlet in foreign country. The country is also well known for retail business and several foreign companies get an opportunity to perform their business in this market. 3.0 Analysis of the Basis of Competitive Advantage Morrisons is one of the largest chains of supermarket. They deliver both branded as well as their own brands products. The strategy of the company is to provide customer with best value for money. The prices of their products are also same in every store. They manage in-house commercial operation which includes fresh fruits as well as vegetables, meat processing, fresh food and transport. Fresh foods are delivered in the UK and abroad by keeping them in the controlled temperature in warehouses as well as packing plants of the company. The processing of meat, beef, pork and lamb is done by them and are then supplied to the butcher in their retail stores (Morrisons, n.d.). Morrisons has adopted the strategy to extend qualification of 100,000 staffs by 2011. The staffs are provided 100 courses since 2009. The company has offered diploma at QCF level 2 to the staffs. AdExcel training programme is provided to butchers, bakers, fishmongers as well as greengrocers in order to gain competitive advantage in training and educating the staffs. This strategy will assist the staffs to become skilful butcher and can also guide them in cooking and thus in turn satisfy the customers needs (Retail Gazette, 2011). Morrisons has taken the strategy to buy

Rachel's Utilitarianism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rachel's Utilitarianism - Essay Example As Rachel points out, the Utilitarian view inherently judges whether an action of morally good or bad by its consequences, and then, assesses these consequences solely by the amount of utility or happiness derived (Rachels 102). When accounting for happiness, no individual or entity is given precedence over the other. The â€Å"Rule Utilitarianism† theory states that the acts of individuals will be judged as morally right or wrong with reference to the rules that are developed keeping in mind the principle (Rachels 102). Therefore, the principle is used to select a set of rules which then determine whether an action is right or wrong under a given situation. This theory has been criticized as attaching more significance to â€Å"rules† than they deserve. As opposed to this, â€Å"Act Utilitarianism† states that the principle is directly used to determine whether an action is right or wrong under a given situation without first applying that principle to select a set of rules (Rachels 104). Hence, this approach is referred to as â€Å"direct† utilitarianism, whereas the former is referred to as â€Å"indirect† utilitarianism. ... The utilitarian theory (whether â€Å"rule† or â€Å"act†) has various shortcomings and has been criticized for various assumptions in recent years. The Utilitarians imply an ‘economically rational’ justification for actions, an assumption which does not correctly capture the human values and does not go beyond the traditional cost-benefit analysis. Thus, according to Utilitarians, individuals could be deprived of their right to liberty simply because the net benefit isn’t maximized. This theory simplistically assumes that all the consequences of an action (including the utility or happiness derived from it) can be measured (Rachels 102). This is not always the case. For instance, how could one assign a value to one’s life? Secondly, it deals insufficiently with rights, morals and justice (Rachels 108). As outlined in the following sections, the Utilitarian view has been heavily blamed as being the rationale behind Ford’s managers to go ahead with the faulty design of one of its cars â€Å"Pinto†, thereby ignoring the principles of justice (that deals with distribution of benefits and burdens) and rights (that deals with right to freedom and well being). The question, in this context, arises whether people should have had freedom to know what they are buying at the time they are purchasing. This case shall now be explored in depth in the light of the utilitarian argument. The case can be traced back to 1978 when several Pinto cars caught fire in accidents or collisions (Trevino and Nelson 64).The number of such incidents started becoming rampant, such that notice was taken of these incidents and a case was filed whereby the causes were investigated. Ford’s president, Lee Lacocca decided to recover the market share by designing a

Differences And Similarities Between The Athens And Spartans History Essay

Differences And Similarities Between The Athens And Spartans History Essay The Athens and Spartans were two civilizations with many differences and similarities. The Spartans were the ones that wanted a strong army, a civilization with no freedom and less education for men so they could fight in the army. The Athenians had a strong army but freedom was very important and the education to the people was a priority. The life as a Spartan was very difficult because the kids started to train at the age of 7 and finish at the age of 18, then they must go to fight on the army. The girls were also trained, but at the age of 15 they married, had kids and stayed at home. At the age of 30, they gained a full citizenship just like the men. In Athens, the baby boys were more important than girls and wealthy children were raised by a special tutor; from age 7 the boys started to go to school and received special training for different works. Girls remained at home and learned crafts and poetry from their mothers; they often marry at age 15. At age 18 men go to the army for two years and then they get back home to work. Women, however, stayed at home to raise and take care of children. These 2 civilizations were based in 3 ways of government (monarchy, oligarchy and democracy). The monarchy is based in a government ruled by a king or a queen. On the other hand, oligarchy was based in a government that was ruled by a small group of citizens that make decisions. However, the democracy is a system in which the citizens vote to make governmental decisions. The disadvantage of the monarchy is that the king does what he wants, the citizens cant choose the king and that the people can ´t choose the laws. The disadvantage of the oligarchy is that the people can ´t decide anything in the government, just a small group of citizens have the right to vote and choose the laws. The disadvantages of the democracy are that anyone may be a candidate, also that some citizens were not decided and that the people may not agree so there may be fight. However these types of government have advantages like the monarchy, the king may control everything so he could make the right choic es. In the oligarchy the group of citizens may make good laws that help the civilization. Finally the democracy was the best because the citizens may choose the government. As the Athens Spartan`s military protect he government and the government gives education to the civilization The two most powerful and best-known of those city-states were  Athens  and  Sparta (http://plaza.ufl.edu/tlombard/). As the Spartans the Athenians have a strong military, the two civilizations have a majority in land soldiers rather than sailors. As Athenians the Spartans had a good education but the Athenians were more interested on it, the two civilizations made that the children start education at the age of 7. As the Spartans the Athenians had different way of government but their government was good, they used 3 ways of government: monarchy, oligarchy and democracy. As they had similarities they also had differences. The military of Sparta was huge and the best of all but the Athens military was a simple but strong military, the young boy started to train at the age of 7 but the Athenians went to the army at the age of 18, the Spartans kept on the army up until 60 years old but the Athenians just started to work when they get back from army. In the government The Athenians were the ones who started the democracy, it was called limited democracy that means that not everybody could vote only the ones with citizenship and the important people, and the one who started the democracy was Draco when he took the power. However the Spartans had a way to govern that they had an assembly named the council of elders, the made up the laws and the ones that choose instead of the people. The Spartans had less education than Athens because they need to go to the army Sparta seemed to be content with themselves and provided their army whenever required (http://w ww.diffen.com/difference/Athens_vs_Sparta); in school they had physical education that was very hard. The Athens had a good education and many subjects to study on, the women also study but they need to be at home and learning about crafts and poetry from their mothers and they marry at age 15. The roles that Spartans men had in the civilization was very hard, when they are born the healthy kids were raised by the mothers but the unhealthy kids were taken to a cave so they die. When they had 7 years old they were trained and by physical education, they training were made up of punishments and hard training. When they get to age of 18 they serve the army for their whole life, when the women was born they were not so important as the men so they were raised, at the age of 7 they hay physical education but at the age of 15 they got marry and raised the kids. However when the Athenian boys were born the healthy ones were raised by some special tutors, the unhealthy were send to the gates so people passing by may take them. At the age of 7 the boys receive education but the girls stayed at home learning crafts and poetry by their mothers Athenian girls did not attend school (McDougal 129). At the age of 18 the boys serve to the army for 2 years then the go back home to work when they got older, boys went to military school to help them prepare for another important duty of citizenship-defending Athens(McDougal littell 129). However the women marry at the age of 15 and had kids and raise them. The Peloponnesian war was a bloody war, the Athens were based on the navy but the Spartans were based on the land army, when the war started it was very bloody and no one was winning so they signed a treaty to stop war, the war lasted 9 years. 4 years later the Spartans burned the food supplies of the Athenians because they thought that they had a very good army, the Spartans win the wars but they led the Athenians be the cultural center of Greece. In conclusion the Spartans and Athenians were a well develop civilization but in my point of view the Athenians were best civilization because they were better people but the Spartans were bad and dangerous.

Nationalism :: European Europe History

Nationalism One person or a group of people can take on a major role of the unification process that brings upon nationalism for their country. To get a better understanding of what nationalism is, one must learn the meaning of "nationalism." Nationalism is the devotion to the interests or culture of a particular nation. Nationalism is a striving force that can help a country thrive. There are also different ways that a country can achieve nationalism. Two different people/organizations with two different tactics were able to achieve a feel of nationalism among their country. The first group that will be discussed is the IRA, or the Irish Republican Army. Mohandas Gandhi started the second movement of nationalism, with his belief of "passive resistance." These two thoughts were opposite in how nationalism was attempted to be achieved. The Irish Republican Army (IRA), was started on Easter in 1916, when a group of Irish militants refused to wait any longer for their independence from Britain. The small group launched a revolt against British rule. Although the Easter Rising was quickly suppressed, the execution of 15 rebel leaders stirred wider support for their cause. When Britain again failed to grant home rule in 1919, civil war erupted in Ireland. Members of the IRA carried on a guerrilla war against British forces and their supporters. Civilians were often caught in the crossfire. The constant battle for Irish independence continues today with its gory display of violence. The IRA's goal was and still is today to achieve Irish nationalism by the abolition of the British political influence in Ireland, especially Northern Ireland. Mohandas Gandhi came from a middle-class Hindu family. At the age of 19 he was sent to England to study law. After returning to India, he tried to set up his own law practice but soon joined an Indian law firm in South Africa. For 20 years, Gandhi fought laws that discriminated against Indians in South Africa. In his struggle against injustice, he adopted the weapon of nonviolent (passive) resistance. He called it satyagraha, or "soul-force." In 1914, Gandhi returned to India and joined the Congress Party. His ideas inspired Indians of all religious and ethnic backgrounds and he encouraged them to resist British rule. Above all, Gandhi preached the ancient tradition of ahimsa, nonviolence and reverence for all life. He applied this idea to fight the British rule. By using the power of love, he believed, people could convert even the worst wrongdoer to the right course of action.