Ultradian Rhythms free essay sample

Ultradian rhythms are bodily rhythms that last less than 24 hours. The most obvious ultradian rhythm is the different stages of sleep, existing within the ciradian rhythm of the sleep-wake cycle. Sleep is dived into cycles, each lasting about 90 minutes. During these cycles, we will experience 5 different stages of sleep- the first four being characterized as non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM), and the last stage being characterized as rapid eye movement sleep (REM). When human beings are awake, the electrical activity in their brain usually takes the form of fast, erratic brain waves. These waves are known as beta waves. During stage 1 of sleep, the brains electrical activity begins to change, with the brain waves becoming more slow and regular. This demonstrates that the persons mind is beginning to relax, and these waves are known as alpha waves. The presence of alpha waves in the brain can usually be used to indicate that the onset of sleep has occurred, and that the person is no longer awake. We will write a custom essay sample on Ultradian Rhythms or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As well as a change in electrical activity, the persons core body temperature will also drop and their heart-beat slow down. As the sleeper goes into Stage 2 of sleep, their brain waves become even slower and a greater amplitude. These are called theta waves. This shows that the brain is becoming increasingly more relaxed. During this stage of sleep, it is common to experience sudden bursts of brain activity: known as K complexes and sleep spindles. Stages 1 and 2 of sleep are commonly referred to as being as being light sleep. This means that people in these stages of sleep can be easily awoken by external factors such as noise. Stages 3 and 4 of sleep are characterized by even slower brain waves, known as delta waves. Stages 3 and 4 are often referred to as being slow-wave sleep (SWS)- and sleep during this time is far more deep than in the previous two stages. However, the sleeper has not reached a state of unconsciousness, and can still be woken up by certain external factors (eg. Parents being woek nby the sound of their baby crying). These are the stages of sleep where most of the bodies physiological repair work occurs. It can also be associated with biochemical changes, such as the release of growth hormone taking place during this time. In these first four stages of NREM sleep, dreams have been shown to be unlikely to occur. During a study by Dement and Klietman, in which participants were woken up when their brain waves indicated certain stages of sleep, it was shown that only around 7% of participants had reported having dreams when their brain activity had indicated the stages of NREM sleep. Stage 5 of sleep, the final stage in the sleep cycle before it repeats, is known as REM sleep. This the stage of sleep where brain activity is most like that of the awake brain. It is also the stage of sleep where most dreams are likely to occur.

buy custom The Civil War essay

buy custom The Civil War essay The civil war refers to a warfare that took place in the United States of America between 1860 and 1865. The war was meant to conserve and safeguard the unity that had lasted in the U.S for centuries. It is believed that the major cause of the war was differences in opinions between the Northern and Southern nations. The main source of these differences was the role to be played by the federal government in control of the States. Those who believed in effectiveness of the federal government wanted it to maintain its power, whereas those who opposed to the federal government wanted the States to be independent from control by the federal government. They proposed that each State should retain the right to formulate its own laws and should be free from directives and commands of the federal government. In most cases, these rights of individual States clashed with policies, actions and requirements of the federal government. Strong arguments, thus, cropped up over critical issues such as; taxation, military, national security, trade and slavery. This collision of conflicts resulted into the frequent disagreements between the Northern and Southern States. Causes of the Civil War According to Clark, the major cause of conflicts was economic disparity between the States (Clark, 2004). In my opinion, however, it is important to look into details of other sources of conflicts that resulted into the civil war. First and foremost are the differences in economic and social statuses between the Northern and Southern States. In South America, Eli Whitney invented a cotton gin that facilitated its production, thereby making it more profitable. Increased production of cotton required a cheaper labor. For the plantations to obtain cheap labor, they had to use coercion to deploy workers. This increased the levels of slavery in the Southern States. Consequently, South America solely depended on one crop, cotton, for its economic activities and slavery. In the contrast, the Northern States were more developed and industrialized. They did not depend on agriculture as the only economic activity. They coud purchase cotton as raw material at cheap prices from the South, process it and sell it back to them as finished goods at higher prices. This resulted into the high gross domestic product (GDP) and economic stability. These economic disparities set forth major conflicts between the two regions. In relation to the social life, the North focused on city life, while the South focused on the traditional social settings. In Northern States, there were free interactions of people from various social backgrounds who would work together in the manufacturing industries. Graves referred to this difference in economies, social composition and political views between the Northern and Southern States as sectionalism (Graves, 2001). Secondly, there were conflicts between the rights of the States and those of the federal government. After the American Revolution, two groups of different individuals with varied interests emerged. One group argued for greater rights for the States, whereas another group fought for more control by the federal government. This led to the formation of a weak federal government by the rivaling States. Leaders of this unstable federal government could meet secretly to draft the Constitution. Most people, such as Patrick Henry, were thus dissatisfied by the Constitution. Most citizens felt that the Constitution disregarded the rights of States to go on with acting independently. The federal government did not allow the States to make rulings unconstitutionally. Thirdly, there was a fight between the North and South due to Southern States persistence use of slaves. The Northern States abolished slavery, while the Southern States continued to seek free laborers to work in their cotton plantations (Graves, 2001). Fourthly, the civil war was catalyzed by the rise of Abolitionist Movement which took place in the mid eighteenth century. The Abolitionist Movement enthusiasts believed that slavery was immoral, against humanity and viewed it as a social evil. On the other hand, the Southern States regarded slavery as a moral thing and continued to practice it. This resulted into an aggressive debate between the two regioons. The fifth factor that caused civil war was the election of Abraham Lincoln as the president. When he was elected as the president in 1860, various States declared secession. South Carolina, for instance, openly and officially declared the election of Abraham Lincoln as the main cause of its need to secede. Most of the Southern States believed that President Lincoln was anti-slavery and would rule and support the interests of the Northern States. Furthermore, there was a conflict between the South and North in relation to trade tariffs. The Southern States kept low rates that did not favor the Northern States. However, some Historians argue that the trade tariffs had minimal impact on the civil war, and there is no solid evidence to link it with the American war (Doeden, 2009). Last but not least, when new territories were created, the North and the South fought over their territorial boundaries. The non-slave States wanted to segregate themselves from the slave States, for example, Alabama, Texas and Florida seceded from the Union that brought together the States. The Mexican war is also believed to have resulted from creation of new territories. Impacts on American Civilization The civil war made the once divided nations one indivisible State. After the war, States from the North and South worked towards restoring their lost unity, reconstructing and rebuilding America. According to Hansen, Gallagher and Jakes, the war laid a good foundation for rapid economic growth and industrialization, numerous innovations, such as ship building and aircrafts and a suitable basis for proper political leadership (Hansen, Gallagher Jakes, 2010). Additionally, it had great impacts on the American culture. Black culture was easily intertwined with the white Americans culture. Internationally, it enabled America to gain world power due to its unity. Similarly, it also resulted into freedom, justice and independence of the black Americans. In conclusion, America became a changed state after the civil war. Buy custom The Civil War essay

Business letter Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Business letter - Coursework Example The accident was extensive causing injury to four employees while rendering the boiler irreparable. Fortunately, the accident occurred during lunch break a feature that limited the number of causalities. The accidents could have possibly caused a catastrophe at the company had t occurred at any other time during the day. The four employees were from the mechanical department and were running a mechanical check on the boiler at the time of explosion. In yet another twist of luck, the four had moved to the control panel seeking to switch off the boiler before they could work on it at the time of the explosion. One of them had serious burns while the remaining three of them had minor burns among other injuries. The explosion caused a scare at the company. The health and safety authority arrived soon thereafter and are continuing with the investigation alongside the company’s mechanical team to determine the cause and extent of the

Retail marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Retail marketing - Essay Example The concept of retail marketing is quite different from other marketing aspects. The branding in retail industry is based on the service and quality a retail organisation is providing to the customers. In present scenario, retailing has become an international industry (Ailawadi & Keller, 2004). In this paper a company with retail based outlet is selected which has not yet made international expansion. The various important aspects that company i.e. Morrisons Supermarket has to keep a close view on for its intended expansion in international market have been explained in detail. In this paper, the competitive advantage of Morrisons over other competitors has been discussed properly. The paper covers the marketing mix and environmental condition of the retail organisation. Challenges and opportunities which can be faced by the supermarket in their endeavour of entering in the new foreign market have also been explained properly. The relevant theories of retail internationalisation are also provided in this context. 2.0 Choice of Retailer The report is required to be prepared by taking into consideration the retail marketing business of a retail outlet which has no international expansion and is planning to enter into the market of Sweden. The retail company named as Morrisons Supermarket has been chosen which is considered as the fourth leading supermarket chain in the UK. It is selected as it has no international presence and can make a significant expansion in the Swedish market. This supermarket is also selected because it has received honour for maintaining its quality standard of food products. As Sweden is a country which is much concerned with health and fitness, thus it will be a scope for such a supermarket with quality services and products to expand its retail outlet in foreign country. The country is also well known for retail business and several foreign companies get an opportunity to perform their business in this market. 3.0 Analysis of the Basis of Competitive Advantage Morrisons is one of the largest chains of supermarket. They deliver both branded as well as their own brands products. The strategy of the company is to provide customer with best value for money. The prices of their products are also same in every store. They manage in-house commercial operation which includes fresh fruits as well as vegetables, meat processing, fresh food and transport. Fresh foods are delivered in the UK and abroad by keeping them in the controlled temperature in warehouses as well as packing plants of the company. The processing of meat, beef, pork and lamb is done by them and are then supplied to the butcher in their retail stores (Morrisons, n.d.). Morrisons has adopted the strategy to extend qualification of 100,000 staffs by 2011. The staffs are provided 100 courses since 2009. The company has offered diploma at QCF level 2 to the staffs. AdExcel training programme is provided to butchers, bakers, fishmongers as well as greengrocers in order to gain competitive advantage in training and educating the staffs. This strategy will assist the staffs to become skilful butcher and can also guide them in cooking and thus in turn satisfy the customers needs (Retail Gazette, 2011). Morrisons has taken the strategy to buy

Rachel's Utilitarianism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rachel's Utilitarianism - Essay Example As Rachel points out, the Utilitarian view inherently judges whether an action of morally good or bad by its consequences, and then, assesses these consequences solely by the amount of utility or happiness derived (Rachels 102). When accounting for happiness, no individual or entity is given precedence over the other. The â€Å"Rule Utilitarianism† theory states that the acts of individuals will be judged as morally right or wrong with reference to the rules that are developed keeping in mind the principle (Rachels 102). Therefore, the principle is used to select a set of rules which then determine whether an action is right or wrong under a given situation. This theory has been criticized as attaching more significance to â€Å"rules† than they deserve. As opposed to this, â€Å"Act Utilitarianism† states that the principle is directly used to determine whether an action is right or wrong under a given situation without first applying that principle to select a set of rules (Rachels 104). Hence, this approach is referred to as â€Å"direct† utilitarianism, whereas the former is referred to as â€Å"indirect† utilitarianism. ... The utilitarian theory (whether â€Å"rule† or â€Å"act†) has various shortcomings and has been criticized for various assumptions in recent years. The Utilitarians imply an ‘economically rational’ justification for actions, an assumption which does not correctly capture the human values and does not go beyond the traditional cost-benefit analysis. Thus, according to Utilitarians, individuals could be deprived of their right to liberty simply because the net benefit isn’t maximized. This theory simplistically assumes that all the consequences of an action (including the utility or happiness derived from it) can be measured (Rachels 102). This is not always the case. For instance, how could one assign a value to one’s life? Secondly, it deals insufficiently with rights, morals and justice (Rachels 108). As outlined in the following sections, the Utilitarian view has been heavily blamed as being the rationale behind Ford’s managers to go ahead with the faulty design of one of its cars â€Å"Pinto†, thereby ignoring the principles of justice (that deals with distribution of benefits and burdens) and rights (that deals with right to freedom and well being). The question, in this context, arises whether people should have had freedom to know what they are buying at the time they are purchasing. This case shall now be explored in depth in the light of the utilitarian argument. The case can be traced back to 1978 when several Pinto cars caught fire in accidents or collisions (Trevino and Nelson 64).The number of such incidents started becoming rampant, such that notice was taken of these incidents and a case was filed whereby the causes were investigated. Ford’s president, Lee Lacocca decided to recover the market share by designing a

Differences And Similarities Between The Athens And Spartans History Essay

Differences And Similarities Between The Athens And Spartans History Essay The Athens and Spartans were two civilizations with many differences and similarities. The Spartans were the ones that wanted a strong army, a civilization with no freedom and less education for men so they could fight in the army. The Athenians had a strong army but freedom was very important and the education to the people was a priority. The life as a Spartan was very difficult because the kids started to train at the age of 7 and finish at the age of 18, then they must go to fight on the army. The girls were also trained, but at the age of 15 they married, had kids and stayed at home. At the age of 30, they gained a full citizenship just like the men. In Athens, the baby boys were more important than girls and wealthy children were raised by a special tutor; from age 7 the boys started to go to school and received special training for different works. Girls remained at home and learned crafts and poetry from their mothers; they often marry at age 15. At age 18 men go to the army for two years and then they get back home to work. Women, however, stayed at home to raise and take care of children. These 2 civilizations were based in 3 ways of government (monarchy, oligarchy and democracy). The monarchy is based in a government ruled by a king or a queen. On the other hand, oligarchy was based in a government that was ruled by a small group of citizens that make decisions. However, the democracy is a system in which the citizens vote to make governmental decisions. The disadvantage of the monarchy is that the king does what he wants, the citizens cant choose the king and that the people can ´t choose the laws. The disadvantage of the oligarchy is that the people can ´t decide anything in the government, just a small group of citizens have the right to vote and choose the laws. The disadvantages of the democracy are that anyone may be a candidate, also that some citizens were not decided and that the people may not agree so there may be fight. However these types of government have advantages like the monarchy, the king may control everything so he could make the right choic es. In the oligarchy the group of citizens may make good laws that help the civilization. Finally the democracy was the best because the citizens may choose the government. As the Athens Spartan`s military protect he government and the government gives education to the civilization The two most powerful and best-known of those city-states were  Athens  and  Sparta (http://plaza.ufl.edu/tlombard/). As the Spartans the Athenians have a strong military, the two civilizations have a majority in land soldiers rather than sailors. As Athenians the Spartans had a good education but the Athenians were more interested on it, the two civilizations made that the children start education at the age of 7. As the Spartans the Athenians had different way of government but their government was good, they used 3 ways of government: monarchy, oligarchy and democracy. As they had similarities they also had differences. The military of Sparta was huge and the best of all but the Athens military was a simple but strong military, the young boy started to train at the age of 7 but the Athenians went to the army at the age of 18, the Spartans kept on the army up until 60 years old but the Athenians just started to work when they get back from army. In the government The Athenians were the ones who started the democracy, it was called limited democracy that means that not everybody could vote only the ones with citizenship and the important people, and the one who started the democracy was Draco when he took the power. However the Spartans had a way to govern that they had an assembly named the council of elders, the made up the laws and the ones that choose instead of the people. The Spartans had less education than Athens because they need to go to the army Sparta seemed to be content with themselves and provided their army whenever required (http://w ww.diffen.com/difference/Athens_vs_Sparta); in school they had physical education that was very hard. The Athens had a good education and many subjects to study on, the women also study but they need to be at home and learning about crafts and poetry from their mothers and they marry at age 15. The roles that Spartans men had in the civilization was very hard, when they are born the healthy kids were raised by the mothers but the unhealthy kids were taken to a cave so they die. When they had 7 years old they were trained and by physical education, they training were made up of punishments and hard training. When they get to age of 18 they serve the army for their whole life, when the women was born they were not so important as the men so they were raised, at the age of 7 they hay physical education but at the age of 15 they got marry and raised the kids. However when the Athenian boys were born the healthy ones were raised by some special tutors, the unhealthy were send to the gates so people passing by may take them. At the age of 7 the boys receive education but the girls stayed at home learning crafts and poetry by their mothers Athenian girls did not attend school (McDougal 129). At the age of 18 the boys serve to the army for 2 years then the go back home to work when they got older, boys went to military school to help them prepare for another important duty of citizenship-defending Athens(McDougal littell 129). However the women marry at the age of 15 and had kids and raise them. The Peloponnesian war was a bloody war, the Athens were based on the navy but the Spartans were based on the land army, when the war started it was very bloody and no one was winning so they signed a treaty to stop war, the war lasted 9 years. 4 years later the Spartans burned the food supplies of the Athenians because they thought that they had a very good army, the Spartans win the wars but they led the Athenians be the cultural center of Greece. In conclusion the Spartans and Athenians were a well develop civilization but in my point of view the Athenians were best civilization because they were better people but the Spartans were bad and dangerous.

Nationalism :: European Europe History

Nationalism One person or a group of people can take on a major role of the unification process that brings upon nationalism for their country. To get a better understanding of what nationalism is, one must learn the meaning of "nationalism." Nationalism is the devotion to the interests or culture of a particular nation. Nationalism is a striving force that can help a country thrive. There are also different ways that a country can achieve nationalism. Two different people/organizations with two different tactics were able to achieve a feel of nationalism among their country. The first group that will be discussed is the IRA, or the Irish Republican Army. Mohandas Gandhi started the second movement of nationalism, with his belief of "passive resistance." These two thoughts were opposite in how nationalism was attempted to be achieved. The Irish Republican Army (IRA), was started on Easter in 1916, when a group of Irish militants refused to wait any longer for their independence from Britain. The small group launched a revolt against British rule. Although the Easter Rising was quickly suppressed, the execution of 15 rebel leaders stirred wider support for their cause. When Britain again failed to grant home rule in 1919, civil war erupted in Ireland. Members of the IRA carried on a guerrilla war against British forces and their supporters. Civilians were often caught in the crossfire. The constant battle for Irish independence continues today with its gory display of violence. The IRA's goal was and still is today to achieve Irish nationalism by the abolition of the British political influence in Ireland, especially Northern Ireland. Mohandas Gandhi came from a middle-class Hindu family. At the age of 19 he was sent to England to study law. After returning to India, he tried to set up his own law practice but soon joined an Indian law firm in South Africa. For 20 years, Gandhi fought laws that discriminated against Indians in South Africa. In his struggle against injustice, he adopted the weapon of nonviolent (passive) resistance. He called it satyagraha, or "soul-force." In 1914, Gandhi returned to India and joined the Congress Party. His ideas inspired Indians of all religious and ethnic backgrounds and he encouraged them to resist British rule. Above all, Gandhi preached the ancient tradition of ahimsa, nonviolence and reverence for all life. He applied this idea to fight the British rule. By using the power of love, he believed, people could convert even the worst wrongdoer to the right course of action.

Marketing and Environmental Factors

Macro-marketing â€Å"Macro-marketing literally deals with big/important issues, beyond comparatively simple exchanges between buyers and sellers, or even relationships between companies and customers. In a more interconnected world of markets, marketers, and their stakeholders, macro-marketing is an important mechanism to study both opportunities and shortcomings of marketing, and both its intended positive effects and unintended deleterious effects.This suggests macro-marketing includes an optimistic perspective; that it seeks functional mechanisms to enhance marketing processes, to the benefit of the largest number of stakeholders, the world over. † Various Environmental factors Affecting Marketing process. Various factors affecting marketing process. The environmental factors that are affecting marketing process can be classified into : 1) Internal environment and 2) External environment Internal Environment of Marketing :This refers to factors existing within a marketing firm. They are also called as controllable factors, because the company has control over these factors : a) it can alter or modify factors as its personnel, physical facilities, organization and function means, such as marketing mix, to suit the environment. There are many internal factors that influence the marketing process, they are : Top Management : The organizational structure, Board of Director, professionalization of management.. etc..Factors like the amount of support the top management enjoys from different levels of employees, shareholders and Board of Directors have important infulence on the marketing decisions and their implementation. Finance and Accounting: Accounting  refers to measure of  revenue and costs to help the marketing and to know how well it is achieving its objectives. Finance refers to funding and using funds to carry out the marketing plan. Financial factors are financial polices, financial position and capital structure.Research and Development : Research and Development refers to designing the product safe and attractive. They are technological capabilities, determine a company ability to innovate and compete. Manufacturing : It is responsible for producing the desired quality and quantity of products. Factors which infulence the competitiveness of a firm are production capacity technology andefficiency of the productive apparatus, distribution logistics etc. , Purchasing : Purchasing refers to procurement of goods and services from some external agencies.It is the strategic activity of the business. Company Image and Brand Equity : The image of the company refers in raising finance, forming joint ventures or other alliancessoliciting marketing intermediaries, enteing purchase or sales contract, launching new products etc. In organization, the marketing resources like organization for marketin, quality of marketing, brand equity and dirtribution network have direct bearing on marketing efficiency. They are important for new product introduction and brand extension, etc.. External Environment of Marketing.External factors are beyond the control of a firm, its suceess depends to a large extent on its adaptability to the environment. The external marketing environment consists of : a) Macro environment, and b) Micro environment a) Micro environment: The environmental factors that are in its proximity. The factors influence the company’s non-capacity to produce and serve the market. The factors are : 1) Suppliers: The suppliers to a firm can also alter its competitive position and marketing capabilities. These are raw material suppliers, energy suppliers, suppliers of labor and capital.According to michael Porter, the relationship between suppliers and the firm epitomizes a power equation between them. This equation is based on the industry condition and the extent to which each of them is dependent on the other. The bargaining power of the supplier gets maximized in the following situations: a) Th e seller firm is a maonopoly or an oligopoly firm. b) The supplier is not obliged to contend with othe substitute products for sale to the buyer group. c) The buyer is not an important customer. d) The suppliers’s product is an important input to the buyer’s business and finished product. ) The supplier poses a real threat of forward integration. 2) Market Intermediaries : Every producer has to have a number of intermediaries for promoting, selling and distributing the goods and service to ultimate consumers. These intermediaries may be individual or business firms. These intermediaries are middleman (wholesalers, retailers, sgent’s etc. ), ditributing agency market service agencies and financial institutions. 3) Customers : The customers may be classified as : 1) Ultimate customers: These customers may be individual and householders. ) Industrial customers: These customers are organization which buy goods and services for producing other goods and services for the purpose of other earning profits or fulfilling other objectives. 3) Resellers: They are the intermediaries who purchase goods with a view to resell them at aprofit. They can be wholesalers, retailers, distributors, etc. 4) Government and other non-profit customers: These customers purchase goods and services to those for whom they are produced, for their consumption in most of the cases. ) International customers: These customers are individual and organizations of other countries who buy goods and services either for consumption or for industrial use. Such buyers may be consumers, producers, resellers, and governments. 6 )Competitors: Competitors are those who sell the goods and services of the same and similar description, in the same market. Apart from competition on price, there are like product differentiation. Therefore, it is necessary to build an efficient system of marketing. This will bring confidence and better results. ) Public: It is duty of the company to satisfy t he people at large along with its competitors and the consumers. It is necessary for future growth. The action of the company do infulence the other groups forming the general public for the company. A public is defined as ‘any group that has an actual or potential interest in or impact on a company’s ability to achieve its objective. ’ Public relations are certainly a broad marketing operation which must be fully taken care of. Macro Environment: Macro environment factors act external to the company and are quite uncontrollable.These factors do not affect the marketing ability of the concern directly but indirectly the infulence marketing decisions of the company. These are the macro environmental factors that affect the company’s marketing decisions : a) Demographic Forces: Here, the marketer monitor the population because people forms markets. Marketers are keenly interested in the size and growth rate of population in different cities, regions, and nat ions ; age distribution and ethnic mix ; educational levels; households patterns; and regional characteristics and movements. )Economic Factors: The economic environment consists of macro-level factors related to means of production and distribution that have an impact on the business of an organization. c) Physical Forces: Components of physical forces are earth’s  natural renewal and non-renewal resources. Natural renewal forces are forest, food products from agriculture or sea etc. Non- renewal natural resources are finite such as oil, coal, minerals, etc. Both of these components quite often change the level and type of resources available to a marketer for his production. ) Technological Factors: The technological environment consits of factors related to knowledge applied, and the materials and machines used in the production of goods and services that have an impact on the business of an organization. e) Political and Legal Forces: Developments in political and legal field greatly affect the marketing decisions. sound marketing decision cannot be taken without taking into account, the government agencie, political party in power and in opposition their ideologies, pressire groupss, and laws of the land. These variables create tremendous pressures on marketing management.Laws affect production capactiy, capability, product design, pricing and promotion. Government in almost all the country intervenes in marketing process irrespective of their political ideologies. f) Social and Cultural Forces: This concept has crept into marketing literature as an alternative to the marketing concept. The social forces attempt to make the marketing socially responsible. It means that the business firms should take a lead in eliminating socially harmful products and produce only what is beneficial to the soceity. These are numbers of pressure groups in the soceity who impose restrictions on the marketing process.

Guide on How to Write an Excellent Chemistry Essay

Guide on How to Write an Excellent Chemistry Essay In some sense, a college student writing a chemistry essay is a storyteller, who demonstrates an internal dialogue that led to a certain result. In other words, an essay accomplished for a chemistry course should comprise all the stages of the scientific method to communicate the scientific discovery to the scientific community. This chemistry essay writing guide will help you cover both of these aspects of essay writing. Pick a Topic Chemistry is a pretty wide area and there’s a huge ocean of possible opportunities for those required to conduct research for the class. Picking a topic for the chemistry essay is a daunting task and if you happen to choose the broad one, ensure to narrow it down to make more specific. A winning chemistry essay is written by choosing a topic that you have dozens of information on. This will enable you to craft a piece with total composure and command. Looking for the hottest topics for a chemistry essay? The list of the suggested chemistry essay topics below reflects the juicy chemistry topics that are provided for both – the educators and college level investigators. Reticular Chemistry: Properties, Construction and Precision Reactions of Frameworks. This chemistry is about linking molecular building blocks with the help of solid bonds in order to create open crystalline frameworks. The fields have significantly expanded the range of useful materials and chemical compounds. Evolution of Technologies for 3D Bioprinting. The area of 3D printing is moving forwards rapidly, including the development of biomaterials for drug screening and therapeutic applications. Heavy Metals as Contaminants of the Human Environment. The issue is highly important due to the potential hazards to the health of animals and humans. The Periodic Law. The periodic law was created independently by Dmitri Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer in 1869. Bring something unknown to the surface. Photo-redox Catalysis in Organic Chemistry. Use the paper to point out the significance of the synthetic applications of photo-induced electron transfer chemistry. Pesticides Herbicides: Toxicity, Disadvantages and Health Effects. Pick three or four pesticides and/or herbicides and discuss how testing of these compounds causes cancer. The Impact of Greenhouse Gases. Talk about the exchange of energy between the sun and the global surface. Discuss its effect on flora and fauna, humans and atmosphere. Chemistry in Beauty Industry. Provide in-depth research on the ingredients found in cosmetics, their benefits, and harm. Acid Rain and the Effects on Plants. Imagine that you’ve had one in your neighborhood. Why Plastic Never Helps Certain Foods Remain Fresh. Consider various sources to find more inspiration and answers why your favorite pizza isn’t that fresh in that plastic container. Chemistry vs. Alchemy. Many students believe that chemistry is simply about mixing liquids up and experimenting with lab explosions. As a form of chemistry, Alchemy seems to be magical and mysterious due to the constant efforts of the researchers in the middle ages to turn a normal metal into gold. Although choosing a captivating topic for the chemistry essay is quite challenging, impossible is nothing for the students passionate about the subject. When picking the issue that would become a good fit for the college essay, ensure to choose the topic that you can easily relate to the natural world. Write an Introduction In an opening paragraph, you’re required to cover the scientific background of the chosen topic. Start the section with the formulation of the research question and provide a larger picture of the research significance. Make sure to progress with a properly cited and concise review of the literature on work that has been performed in the field. Proceed to the literature review to demonstrate the importance of current research by expanding the understanding of the area of research. From this point, you have an opportunity to state more clearly the question your essay is addressing. End up the introduction with a hypothesis that includes the intention of your research. Many researchers begin an introductory section with generic statements like: ‘Chemical reactions are the soul of the science. The greatest minds of all time have always known that they exist.’ Well, this may be true, but does it sounds interesting to your target readers? Why are the chemical reactions important in the area? What are the basic components that can be found in the reactions? Who was the first to reveal why the chemical reactions actually matter? Make sure to set the scene for your reader so that he/she knows why your research is crucial. At the same time, don’t be too bold with your statements, like ‘This substance kills all cancers’ cells’ (unless it’s true, then ensure to shout here and there about this fact!). Don’t turn your chemistry essay intro into a mini-review. There are dozens of literature sources out there, but you as the science beginner are supposed to choose the issues that are most relevant to your topic and explain why. Use a good hook for the essay. Tell your readers that ‘the Ancient Greeks suggested the first theories on the composition of the matter. The citizens of Ellada thought that the individual particles could make up the matter.’ Or, as an alternative, blow their minds with a statement that ‘glass is neither solid nor liquid since its molecules still flow, which is why it’s somewhere in-between.’ Start this part with highlighting questions and formulating a broader picture of the research significance. For instance, if your essay is based on the research dedicated to the antioxidant potential of extracts from basil herbs, start with a quick explanation of how basil is used in medicine and how important its antioxidants are, when the questions are about decreasing free radical chemistry in the body. Thus, your readers will understand the reason why the author selected basil extracts for the research. Finally, a hypothesis should be provided with the primary intention of your research. You have to provide the topic sentence of the chemistry essay. In other words, a good thesis statement should include a†¦statement. After all, there’s a reason why it is called that way! A good thesis statement is focused. Don’t make your readers feel confused about the purpose of your research. Don’t write: ‘Pesticides can cause harmful effects over a human body.’ This statement is too broad and leaves a bunch of questions unanswered. Are all pesticides bad? What are the harmful effects of the substances? Why should anyone care? Do write: ‘Not only are pesticides hazardous to the environment, but they are also dangerous to human health since they have been linked to ADHD, cancer, Alzheimer’s Disease and serious birth defects.’ A solid thesis is based on a debatable topic. Don’t write: ‘Modern chemistry was built upon a long history of alchemy.’ No one can provide arguments for or against the statement mentioned above. That’s just a fact. Do write: ‘As a full-fledged science, modern chemistry emerged in 1661, when a clear distinction was made between alchemy and chemistry by Robert Boyle in ‘The Sceptical Chymist.’ This argument is well-debatable A good thesis statement comprises claims that you’ll support later in the essay. Don’t write: ‘Alchemy should be taught at high schools.’ This statement has no supporting claims. Why should students ever address it? What are the benefits of teaching alchemy? Do write: ‘Newton was an alchemist, which means the theory of alchemy has historical significance. It turns out that English mathematician, theologian, and astronomer enjoyed alchemy as a hobby and tried for years to turn lead into gold.’ This statement includes some unbelievable and thought-provoking claims. Your target readers will wonder how the legendary physicist was influenced by alchemy and how you plan to defend your claims. The Body: Results Discussion This part of the chemistry essay, usually the longest, describes the work you’ve done, as well as the results that you’ve come up with. While the key data described in the body of the chemistry essay usually varies between the chemical disciplines and universities, keep in mind that this part shouldn’t simply include a technical explanation of the procedures. Instead, the author provides the so-called narrative that is the logical continuation of the intro. In the body section, you’ll explain the way in which the essay investigation is undertaken and the progress of the research that in the end will lead your audience to the final results. For instance, if you used the Beilstein test to analyze halide ions, the specific silver nitrate solution conditions shouldn’t be elaborated. Instead, the results of the Beilstein test should be described. Check the following questions provided to help the chemistry essay authors shape their analysis properly: Did your experiments work? Can you provide any explanations for this failure/success? What fundamental are the chemical principles being proved or disproved by the results? How were the shortcomings in the experiment overcome? Are the results that you’ve obtained consistent with the previously conducted experiments? What other experiments should be executed to prove/disprove the analysis? The Investigation The way in which the chemistry investigation is undertaken will depend mainly on whether the paper includes experimental work conducted by the author. When dealing with the non-experimental chemistry essays, you have to show how the data has been chosen. It is necessary to distinguish between the primary resources (i.e. original interviews, scientific publications, and personal communications) and the secondary sources (reviews, articles, and textbooks) in order to ensure how reliable each is. If you’re engaged in the experimental work, ensure to include sufficient information to enable an independent researcher to repeat the work if required. You have to make it clear which experiments you have designed and conducted yourself and which you’ve adapted, improved or altered from methods that exist. The Experimental Section This part is focused on the details of the chemistry experiment. It’s necessary to provide enough data so that your target audience could (if required) re-conduct the experiment and come up with similar results. Make sure to address the following when working on the Experimental section: The data treatment (for instance, the computations or calculations utilized to create graphs). The identification of the sources of materials and instruments used in the process (the ones that were bought from Fluka or synthesized within the laboratory). The author must mention the model and the manufacturer (for instance, V-730 UV-VIS Spectrophotometer by Jasco). Develop the procedures in order to test the hypothesis, as well as analyze the experiments you’ve conducted. For instance: ‘When we added ammonium chloride to water, the temperature of water decreased from 26 °C to 16  °C.’ The Concluding Section: A Few Chemistry Essay Tips from Our Experts Use your concluding section to provide a short summary of the essay and inform your readers of important results. For instance: ‘According to the calculations that were shown by this investigation, the molar volumes of the salts decreased, when they were dissolved in water. The lab experiments proved that the volume of sodium chloride shrank by 21%, from 37,0 cm3/mol to 25 cm3/mol, while the volume of potassium chloride shrank by 19%, from 26 cm3/mol to 16,7 cm3/mol.’ Your conclusion should also assess the research with respect to the chemistry essay purpose. Also as a variant, you may combine this part with the discussion segment, which means the last paragraph of the Discussion may serve as a conclusion. In chemistry, you’re almost always are required to consider a range of the questions that remained unresolved and to suggest the target areas for future investigations. The importance of work provided should be re-emphasized as well. The Use of Appropriate Language In the case of the chemistry essay, the correct nomenclature and terminology must be used by the author in an effective and consistent manner: Relevant chemical formulas: Ethane (C2H6), Methane (CH4), Propane (C3H8), Butane (C4H10). Etc. Balanced equations: PhC2H5 + O2 = PhOH + CO2 + H2O. Common abbreviations: eq: equation; min: minute(s); calcd: calculated; h: hour(s),etc. The correctly arranged units for physical quantities are expected and the proper use of significant figures is a must.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using teams for sales

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using teams for sales Teamwork is the ability to recognize the complexities of a task and identifying a group of individuals with the mix of talents needed to work harmoniously towards the achievement of that task. Teamwork as a business model is gaining a lot of support in managing a business organization, especially in making effective sales team.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on What are the advantages and disadvantages of using teams for sales? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It helps the team to share knowledge and experience. Effective sales teams are realized, when employees meet on regular basis to discuss progress while identifying problems encountered. The solutions to these problems are sort from within the team, thus enhancing teamwork (Gould para 2). This consultation is also important, as each team member is part of decision-making. This makes the achievement of group task easier. Teams are also important as they help o rganizations avoid duplication of roles by partnering people. Teams also help a company to work within its budget to achieve its objective, as each member has several targets therefore reaching a wider client base. However, it has been noted that it is very difficult to implement teams. This is so when a sales team leader directly supervises the team and rewards team members individually, thus encouraging competition rather than collaboration. Teamwork also hinders opportunities for individual success where the organization rewards the whole group. All recognition goes to the group rather than outstanding individuals thus no individual effort is recognized, rewarded and appraised. Some companies have self-regulating teams. Such freedom can hinder success, as there is limited evaluation and accountability of individual team members (Sorrow para 5). Despite the challenges, teamwork achieves more in complicated task that needs combined skills and talents. Team members are also able to assist each other therefore reaching group objectives easily. What differences are apparent in how these two organizations approach Teamwork? How would these differences impact team effectiveness?Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The two organizations have adopted different approaches to teamwork in the following manner. The electrical supplier partners two people who work together at a specific task. This encourages team members to help each other in accomplishing the task. There are no individual roles for individual team members, thus team partners must work together until a task is accomplished. On the other hand, the radio sales team has five members. Every member has own sale accounts they manage. While the sales team at the radio station has very limited supervision and consults the senior manager only when deciding on matters that would affect the entir e radio station, the electrical supplier team works under the lead sales engineer, who oversees the implementation of sales efforts. The self-regulation of the sales team at the radio station ensures that each individual makes own decisions that only affect their accounts. Sharing of responsibilities is kept to a minimum. However, teamwork is enhanced during weekly meetings when members share challenges, and solutions are sort from within the group. These weekly meetings help individual team members make decisions in managing individual accounts. At the electrical supplier, teamwork effectiveness is the responsibility of the lead sale engineer as each individual is inclined towards individual achievement rather than teamwork. Rewarding of individual success at the electrical supplier hampers teamwork thus the difficulty in its implementation. In contrast, rewarding the entire team enhances teamwork. Progress at the radio station is the responsibility of every member, who must accoun t to the group on weekly basis. At the electrical supplier, teamwork is less effective because the lead sales engineer manages individuals inclined towards competing with each other, rather than collaboration. Gould, Rennie. â€Å"Is Teamwork in Sales Important?† EzineArticles. 2000. February 03, 2011 http://ezinearticles.com/expert/Rennie_Gould/654379 Sorrow, Matthew. â€Å"Team Work Advantages and Disadvantages† EzineArticles. 2000. February 03, 2011 http://ezinearticles.com/expert/Matthew_Sorrow/77922

Corporate finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Corporate finance - Essay Example The company’s dividends have also increased over the past year and this shows a level of improvement and bettered operations. The calculation of the CAPM highlights that Super Cheap Auto pays out a higher level of return than the market while the minimum return expected by the shareholders is 9.30%. Also based on the calculation of the WACC, it has been noted that the company requires a minimum return of almost 10.50% from all new projects and this is the rate to be utilised for the investment appraisals in the future. Super Cheap Auto deals with retailing of cars in Australia and New Zealand. This paper aims at analysing the company and discussing the financial aspects of the company. The paper will begin with an overview of the company followed by the current activities of the company. The paper will also discuss the company’s capital structure and aspects of debt and equity that the company operates with. Calculation of the capital asset pricing model and the weighted average cost of capital of the company will also be discussed. Super Cheap Auto Group Limited is a retailer of car products. The company caters to the markets of Australia and New Zealand and provides the country with excellent brands of vehicles as well as automotive parts. The company falls under the NAICS codes of 441310 – which deals with the Automotive Parts and Accessories Stores. Also the SIC Codes that the company operates under are: 5013 – Motor Vehicles Supplies and New Parts Industry Report, 5531 – Auto and Home Supply Stores Industry Report and 5731 - Radio, Television, and Consumer Electronics Stores industry report (High Beam Business, 2010). The company was started as an automotive parts and accessories retailer in Queensland in 1974. Over the years the company has seen immense growth and now operates in over 212 outlets and the in almost every state

Medicare and Insurance Coverage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Medicare and Insurance Coverage - Essay Example The Medicaid, on the contrary, is a program designed to assist people with a few resources to access health care services. For a State to access the Medicaid services from the Federal State, it has to meet some set standards. Thus, by studying a case, it becomes necessary to answer some questions that aid in understanding the functionality of these programs. The case study provided presents Mrs. Zwick, a 77-aged woman, a permanent resident of the United States, hospitalized due to a mild stroke. The study has indicated that, she underwent an admission for five days and later transferred to a different facility for rehabilitation services. After a considerable time, the doctor diagnoses her with a hospital obtained â€Å"Urinary Tract Infection† (UTI) (Kaplan, 2004). As a result, the doctor prescribes some medications for her. The case has further highlighted the fact that Mrs. Zwick has the Medicare part A, B and D coverage. Mrs. Zwick’s daughter lacks sufficient knowle dge concerning how the coverage indicated above can assist her mother in settling the hospital bills (Kaplan, 2004). Therefore, the administration has demanded that I discuss with the daughter on costs covered fully or partially by the three parts of the Medicare program entitled to h er. The part A of the Medicare also identified by the name Hospice Insurance (HI) will cater for the following bills (Kaplan, 2004). For instance, it will settle all costs incurred due to her stay in the facility. These entails the meals, tests performed on her for diagnosing reasons, as well as for her stay in the skilled nursing home, where she underwent the rehabilitation. In addition to the above, the Medicare part A will settle bills needed for the walker. Moreover, the Medicare part B will also play a monumental part in helping cover the different costs entitled to her. This part, for instance, will cover all-home care services entitled to Mrs. Zwick after her discharge. Finally, the Medicare par t D will also be necessary, as it will cater for costs incurred in accessing her medication. In addition, the later part will partially repay the bills arising from the medication of the hospital acquired UTI. The current medical policies enacted discourage the reimbursement for hospital-acquired infections. In 2006, George Bush who was the United States president enacted an act aimed at plummeting the amount of finances dedicated to treating disorders resulting from medical errors. This was due to a rise in the occurrence of such errors thus costing the federal government enormous funds. As a result, payers of such services decided to monitor the expenditure of such finances. According to the board in charge of budget in the US, the decision would help the local government save $29 billion (Kaplan, 2004). The current policy formulated would adversely affect Mrs. Zwick. Therefore, she will have to spend her own finances for the treatment of her UTI. The infection she has acquired is amongst the ten conditions that Medicare does not compensate. Therefore, catering for the treatment of such an infection might result to the risk of deprived health or death. Mrs. Zwick may not pay all finances needed for her treatment thus a decline in her health. The â€Å"Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act†