Property According to Karl Marx and John Locke Essay

â€Å"Property, any article or right that can be claimed. Proprietorship includes, as a matter of first importance, ownership; in straightforward social orders to have something is to claim it† ( Funk and Wagnall’s. 1994). English savant, John Locke (1632-1704) accepted that the main explanation society ruffians to outfitted clash and difficulty is a direct result of a consumption of the fundamental elements of an individual or a community’s self-conservation. Those fixings, as indicated by the Second Treatise include: the privilege to private property which is grounded in the activity of the ethics of reasonability and industry; the forces of government must be isolated in light of the fact that ethicalness is consistently hard to find, yet right, which relies upon goodness in judgment, must be held by the official in light of the essential flaws of the standard of law; and, the privilege of protection from ill-conceived government surmises the activity of limitation and balanced judgment by the individuals (Locke, 29-34). For Locke, labor’s most significant capacity is that it accomplishes more than essentially characterize a division between what is private and what is open. He accepts that it is work that makes worth and transforms something that was on a very basic level useless into something of worth. For instance, Locke presents the feeling that land without work put into it is â€Å"scarcely worth anything. † He additionally noticed that, â€Å"nature and the earth outfitted just the practically useless materials as in themselves. † It is work, and in this manner the worker â€Å"that puts the distinction of significant worth on everything. † Locke responds to the subject of whether an individual has a privilege to gain as much as he needs. The appropriate response is a basic â€Å"no;† â€Å"As much as anybody can utilize to any favorable position of life before it ruins, so much he may by his work fix a property in: whatever is past this, is too much, and has a place with others. Nothing was made by God for man to ruin or demolish. † For instance, he remarked that â€Å"it is the taking any piece of what is normal, and evacuating it out of the state nature leaves it in, which starts the property; without which the regular is of no utilization (51). Government, Locke accepted, is a trust of the person. The reason for that trust is the security of the individual’s individual and property, and, maybe above all, that individual has the privilege to pull back their trust in the decision government when the legislature fizzles in its undertaking. A significant number of Locke’s political thoughts, for example, those identifying with regular rights, property rights, the obligation of the legislature to secure these rights, and the standard of the dominant part, were later typified in the U. S. Constitution. For his time, Locke’s vision of work as the â€Å"value added† to what in particular is normally happening was generally proper. In the seventeenth century, nothing of â€Å"value† existed without the contribution of work. Notwithstanding, as human advancement progressed and turned out to be progressively mind boggling, so did issues of significant worth, worth, and remuneration. It is hard to make the fundamental interpretation of his financial way of thinking to present day language and significance. His perspectives on government, however have kept going hundreds of years, stay fitting and pertinent right up 'til the present time. In huge differentiation, the German-brought into the world progressive, business analyst, and â€Å"founding father† of socialism, Karl Marx (1818-1883) accepted private property in capital products negated the idea of the human individual. He based his dismissal of such property upon his comprehension of the normal law. This exploration paper was sold by The Paper Store, Inc. of Jackson, New Jersey. Nor could Marx acknowledge a framework wherein property was held by each person, in light of the fact that the human individual doesn't have the â€Å"spiritual† solidarity to defeat covetousness; for Marx that could just drop by rearranging the model of creation. Marx’s extreme objective was to free the world from the shrewdness of greedy realism and lead mankind to another opportunity (Peterson 337). In the â€Å"Third Manuscript †Private Property and Labor† by Marx, composed throughout the mid year of 1844, he states: â€Å"The abstract quintessence of private property, private property as movement for itself, as subject, as individual, is work. It, in this manner, abandons saying that lone that political economy which perceived work as its guideline and which along these lines not, at this point viewed private property as just a condition outer to man, can be viewed as both a result of the genuine vitality and development of private property (it is the autonomous development of private property become aware of itself, it is present day industry as self), a result of current industry, and a factor which has quickened and celebrated the vitality and improvement of this industry and changed it into a force having a place with consciousness† (Marx PG). He further censures the private responsibility for and the legislature that supports such a framework by saying: â€Å" . . . the supporters of the fiscal and trade framework, who view private property as an absolutely objective being for man, show up as obsession admirers, as Catholics, to this illuminated political economy, which has uncovered †inside the arrangement of private property †the emotional substance of wealth† (Marx PG) He arrives at what he considers a â€Å"logical† end: â€Å"for man himself no longer stands in a connection of outside pressure to the outer embodiment of private property †he himself has become the strained quintessence of private property. What was once in the past being-outside to-oneself, man’s material externalization, has now become the demonstration of estrangement. † Marx depicted genuine socialism, which is the â€Å"restoration of man as a social, that is person. † Not just are the relations between individuals reestablished; so is the correct connection between the person and nature. Socialism is naturalism, which ousts outsider otherworldly creatures from presence, and along these lines humanism too. The person by and by winds up at home in the normal world, as that from which it came, and as the field of its imagination. Marx saw socialism as the refutation of the nullification (private property being the invalidation of human instinct). Curiously, he didn't announce it as last. â€Å"Communism is the important structure and dynamic guideline of the short term yet not as such the objective of human improvement †the objective of human culture. † â€Å"Communism is eventually the positive articulation of private property as overcome,† said Marx from his questionable days as news essayist to his demise at age 65. It is an agonizing incongruity that the framework that developed into present day socialism turned into the genuine â€Å"negation of human instinct. † In its endeavors to keep up the group the individual was lost. Singular human soul can't (obviously) stay lost, covered up, or bolted away uncertainly. The previous twenty years have exhibited how conditional the hold of socialism really was/is all through the world. While Marx has regularly been stigmatized for his way of thinking, it was the depravity of that way of thinking that caused. While the utilization of Locke’s thought of work as the additional value of human hands forming the characteristic world has changed essentially, it is as yet the way of thinking that has most firmly reverberated to the manner by which the best number of people need to be represented. Works Cited Locke, John (1690) Two Treatises of Government: Chapter 5 †Of Property (http://wiretap. spies. com. /library/works of art/locke2nd. txt) Marx, Karl (April-August, 1844) Third Manuscript: Private Property and Labor (. cmn. edu/marx/1844-ep. mauscripts/1-property. work. txt) Peterson, G. Paul Karl Marx and His Vision of Salvation: The Natural Law and Private Property, Review of Social Economy; 52(3), Fall 1994, pp. 377-90.

Free Essays on Computer Management Systems

Benefits of Government Regulation - Writing Your Essay

Benefits of Government Regulation - Writing Your EssayIf you have an essay to write for your college classes, or any other reason for that matter, you need to get a good idea of the benefits of government regulation. So, what are they? Read on and find out.What makes the benefits of government regulation so great is the fact that it limits a student's ability to spend more money on their college education. It will limit your spending habits and allow you to control the amount of money you have available. Most students do not see this as a problem, and in fact, they spend a large percentage of their savings.However, if you are going to have a college education, you need to make sure that you can control what you spend. You also need to know that there is someone else that will be paying for it - and that someone is you. The benefits of government regulation will keep you from spending as much money as you should and letting the costs come out of your pocket.For many students, it is no t really about having a college education, it is all about getting their required college credits as quickly as possible. College can be a long process and many students don't have the patience to wait for their papers to be graded. This is where the benefits of government regulation comes in.The government regulation will help prevent a student from wasting all of his or her money and letting college professors and college books go to waste. Most students have very little time to work on papers or even spend much time studying for them. What the benefits of government regulation will do is allow the student to study for his or her papers.There are some students who do not have any money to go to the library and borrow books from them, and then there are others who would love to take college books home with them but can't due to budget constraints. With the benefits of government regulation, the student can get his or her books for free by buying them online at online bookstores. In addition, he or she will be able to use the books for free.The benefits of government regulation can also extend to online courses. If you want to earn college credits and earn an associate's degree online, you will need to be able to do so without having to spend any money. With the benefits of government regulation, you can have online courses that offer courses for free or at a fraction of the cost of other online courses.With all of these benefits of government regulation, you should have no problem obtaining a college education and earning a degree without having to spend a single dime. There are so many advantages to it that you cannot help but want to get yourself involved. Get a free essay sample today and see what the benefits of government regulation can do for you.

The Australian Education System Primary Secondary And...

The Australian education system offers primary, secondary and tertiary education. School education is primary and secondary while tertiary education comprises both vocational education and training (VET) and higher education, including universities (Elcom 2013). Australian qualification framework (AQF) is a government-authorized and nationally accredited policy that covers the tertiary education sector. The AQF has 10 levels and links school, vocational and university education qualifications into one national system (Elcom 2013). With respect to funding education, each state or territory government funds and regulates the public and private schools within their governing area while the federal government helps fund the public universities (Elcom 2013; King 2001, p. 190). The universities are predominantly owned by the government and relay on government subsidy as their main source of income to run their everyday business. Universities argue that the reduction in funding tertiary education would bring a crisis in higher education system (King 2001, p. 191). On the other hand, government of all political persuasions seems to accept university funding as a trivial government agenda. Even though, recently elected coalition government has announced a slight-increase in research funding, the package seems too little compared to recent plan on university funding cut (King 2001, p. 191). The fresh proposal to cut university funding will hamper Australian’s education system, mayShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Gough Whitlam On Australia1467 Words   |  6 Pages 2015). The three bills that will be presented through this essay are the Education system, with what it was like before and after the Whitlam Government came into power, what Health care was like before and after the Whitlam Government and what the Indigenous Australians went through before and after the Whitlam Government. 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Essay on The Industrial Revolution - 1326 Words

Final Project From the beginning of the Industrial Revolution to the present day, the structure and culture of the American workplace have been affected by many forces, among them capitalism, technology, globalization, and issues of equality. Describe these forces in detail and analyze their impact on the structure and culture workplace. Capitalism Capitalism is an economic system that is based on the private ownership of capital or the means of production and the creation of goods and services for profit. Some of the elements central to capitalism include capital accumulation, competitive markets and a price system. Capitalism has been dominant in the Western world since the end of Mercantilism. It was fostered by the†¦show more content†¦we refer to this group of people as the capitalist class. The majority of people must sell their ability to work in return for a wage or salary. the working class are paid to produce goods and services which are then sold for a profit. The profit is gained by the capitalist class because they can make more money selling what we have produced. In this sense, the working class are exploited by the capitalist class. The capitalist live off the profits they obtain from exploiting the working class whilst reinvesting some of their profits for the further accumulation of wealth. This is what we mean when we say there are two classes in society. It is a claim based upon simple facts about the society we live in today. This class division is the essential feature of capitalism. It may be popular to talk about various other â€Å"classes† exiting such as the â€Å"middle class†, but it is the two classes defined her that are the key to understanding capitalism. Profits In capitalism, the motive for producing goods and services is to sell them and make a profit. this is not done to necessarily satisfy the needs of the people. 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Organizational Studies And Management Essay - 1708 Words

Assessment No 1 Individual Essay Dispatched by and prepared for: HRM3008 Organisational Change B.A (Hons) Business and Management (Cohort 5) October 2014 Module Submitted By: Kavita Dhawan (UON ID 14439311) INTRODUCTION Management has been proficient a long time period. Organized endeavors focused by people accountable for planning, organizing, leading, and controlling undertakings have occurred for thousands of years. As the initial days of systematic commercial and structural study, philosophers have contended that companies can understand aids using either more traditional or more modern management methods. For example, Taylor, Weber and Fayol were well-known societal researchers that advocated a traditional management. They are the originators of organizational studies and started their theories in the commencement of the 20th century at the establishment of the industrial era, directing on practical features, capabilities, instructions and discipline within management (Mullins, 2007, Bloisi et al 2003). Now the world has advanced (multinationals, globalization, information technology) and management articles and books seem to take an additional modern management method, focusing on the lengthy period, human beings and the capability to unleash their abilities (Mullins, 2007). 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International Trade and Economics †Free Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the International Trade and Economic Growth. Answer: A challenge for the worldwide economy is the likelihood that certain nations compete for specific export markets by means exaggeratedly low prices. Imposition of tariff is essentially suggested by political leaders as well as pundits in order to counterbalance the supposed price advantage and exert alterations of policy abroad. However, exponents often fail to comprehend the fact that this tariff policy is also hurting their own targets and becoming more costly at domestic market. Again, the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures of the World Trade Organization (WTO) permits a nation separately to apply a countervailing duty on imports of particular goods whose production has been subsidized. Other policies that do not fall under the WTO definition of subsidy counting undervaluation of currency and associated macroeconomic biases can have a net effect of decreasing export prices to a low level. In addition to this, there are political dialogue that concentrates on state a ction to act stringently with different partners of trade where export prices are flatly low. For instance the U.S Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act (1988) that permitted industries to implement countervailing duties against assumed currency schemers. However, this kind of pressures and stringent are not confined to the U.S and is affecting the worldwide trade. Difficulty with this tactic is that it leads to industry lobbying grounded on conditions that can be considered to be less objective than an assessable financial subsidy. Moreover, countervailing shield may make trade partners to levy retaliatory tariffs that can perhaps lead to damaging trade wars. There is another downside with this kind of tariff; although they provide relief to different industries as well as workers that directly compete with the affected imports, this tariff leads to reduction of output, level of investment as well as employment in the entire economy. In the situation of shifting the demand towards domestically generated goods and increasing the prices of imports, a tariff would not increase both output as well as employment. The primary reason behind the negative aggregate influence of the tariff is that tariff that promises to improve the underlying balance position of position of the importer nation, leads to strengthening of the domestic currency in the market of foreign exchange, probably lessening GDP as well as employment. The given article also illustrates the effect of tariff using two different scenarios where East Asia does not essentially retaliate with tariff on imports and the other scenario that does not. However, under each circumstance, real GDP falls and, the dollar value increases. In addition to this, output also falls in the emerging East Asia. Besides this, retaliation also leads to less appreciation of dollar but on the other hand gross domestic product decreases more. In this case, real investment decreases, owing to decline in activity in the United St ates and increased prices of East Asian imports utilized in making different investment goods. A major reason behind the decrease in GDP is that exports decrease at the start bymoreamount than imports. However, the increase in tariffs on particularly East Asia directed importers to purchase from other nations in its place, and the appreciation of dollar strengthens the adjustment by undertaking substitute imports that are cheaper across board. Simultaneously, the strengthened dollar weighs down on U.S. exports. Bibliography Feenstra, R.C., 2015.Advanced international trade: theory and evidence. Princeton university press. Helpman, E. and Razin, A., 2014.A theory of international trade under uncertainty. Academic Press. Johnson, H.G., 2013.International Trade and Economic Growth (Collected Works of Harry Johnson): Studies in Pure Theory. Routledge. McGovern, E., 2016.International trade regulation(Vol. 2). Globefield Press.

Reflection paper Essay Example

Reflection paper Essay Name: Instructor: Course: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Reflection paper After learning about global awareness, I have come to appreciate the sense of vision. The eyesight is a fundamental sense in our bodies. It enables us do everything. Without sight, most of the things would be difficult to do and some would be impossible. For example, it would not be possible to drive or fly an aircraft. When I watch the blind people, I notice they always struggle to do some activities. For example, when they are reading, they have to use special books. Many books are written and printed normally. However, blind students find it almost impossible to find resources that are printed in Braille as these are quite inaccessible. Vision should not be taken for granted and it is not guaranteed. Those with sight should take care of their eyes and sight. They should eat healthy foods rich in nutrients for eyes and sight. It is our responsibility to help blind people in the society. We could help by donating fundamental facilities for them in their learning institutions. It is also important to help them in any other possible way. For example, helping them to walk across the road or anything else they need. Blind people are part of the society and they should not be set apart from other members of the community. When carrying out the vision experiment, I noticed a few things. Immediately I was blindfolded, I felt confused fro the first few moments. Seeing darkness made me feel uneasy and completely different. It made me realize light is also an important element of sight and it enables us to see clearly. Regardless of having vision, it is not possible to see without light. Lack of sight triggers sad or other negative emotions. When I was blindfolded, I felt sad since I was incapable of doing my usual activities. Sometimes blind people feel disappointed by the community’s attitude towards them. They argue that people see them as inferior since they are disabled. Other individuals offer them mere pity as opposed to opportunities for which they are capable. Individuals and the society have effect to the rest of the world. This mostly applies to people with disabilities. A good number of them feel alienated because of various reasons. For instance, there are inadequate public facilities for them. The society has the duty to accept them and assist them in every possible way. For example, organizing charity would help in supporting the welfare of the disabled. A society is a small unit globally and it can influence other societies in the world. Creating awareness ensures all the communities on a global scale are conversant with the issues. Disabled people have a role in our society and they are not given enough attention. Some of them have great potential in many areas but they cannot exploit them. This happens because there are barriers. In many countries, there is a perception that disabled people are not capable. It is rare to get a leader with any major disability like vision. It becomes depressing for them since they feel the urge to exploit their potential (Powell, 89) . It is encouraging to see how the society and the world at large have supported disabled people. There are a good number of learning institutions in many countries. They help these people to become independent and fit in the community. For instance, Occasionally, Paralympics take place. Disable people from all over the world have a chance of participating. This is another way of how the society is effective globally. Diverse people meet and interact with each other. It is a good feeling when these people meet and share experiences. Such sports support disabled people financially. The participants are compensated attractively and this uplifts their living standards. Societies and communities should continue to support disabled people because they are part of the community. Some of them are relatives and close friends. We cannot just ignore them and watch them suffer. Reflection Paper Essay Example Reflection Paper Essay Reflection Paper Name: Institution: Reflection Paper We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Introduction The purpose of this paper is to help me increase my level of self-awareness by using the Enneagram. This will enable me to know more about my behavior, and to understand how this affects the people around me. This topic is important to me because, I need to understand myself better in order to become more successful. I need to identify my strengths and enhance them, and I need to identify my personality style, which may act as a hindrance to my success. I have worked in a team before, and I am aware that some of characteristics may not auger well with other people. The paper will begin by conducting a self-assessment, followed by the measures that I need to take in the coming months to ensure that I have a deeper understanding of myself and of the relationships that I have with other people. I will conclude the paper by noting how this assessment will affect me in future. Areas of possible improvement Some of the group members of different teams do not like the fact that I criticize them often, especially if they do not follow instructions. On the other hand, I also do not like being criticized because this means that I am not perfect at the work am doing. Sometimes I am moody, and this discourages people from consulting me on different issues. I would like to change this behavior so that I can be a better team player and help other members in completing our projects quickly. Self-Assessment I have identified myself as a number 4 and 7 based on the Enneagram. My leadership paradigm as a number 4 is to ensure that people find a meaning and purpose for working in the organization. I identify myself as a number 4 because I am intuitive, introspective, and creative. I inspire people and I am compassionate towards them. I can be withdrawn and moody, and I can be deeply critical of others, in my search for excellence. My leadership paradigm as a number 7 is to get people excited and create innovative ventures, thus ensuring that the organization takes advantage of any new activities. This involves being curious and enthusiastic, while at the same time being imaginative and a quick thinker. I can sometimes be impulsive and rebellious, and I am unfocused because I often like to multitask. I avoid routine and painful situations. I work with different people in the workplace, and some of our projects involve us working in groups. I work well with my team because I come up with solutions very easily. I look at things differently, and I am able to come up with creative and imaginative ideas. I motivate and inspire people to complete the project and ensure that we have completed the projects and fulfilled all the objects that we had set. Action Learning In the next six to eight months, I will take several steps to ensure that I enhance my interrelationships with other people. We are often assigned many projects at work, which involves us working in teams. I will involve myself in a project where all the team members will be of the same level and have the same contribution. No one in the team will be more superior, and all the members will contribute equally. I hope that by the end of the project, I will have learnt how to listen to other people’s opinions and I will have learnt how to take their advice. Since all the members have an equal say in everything, the members will be free to criticize each other. Conclusion I have identified myself as an intuitive and creative person who likes motivating people and inspiring them in challenging situations. The personality styles that I have chosen are a reflection of who I am. They have identified my different personality strengths. By highlighting my areas of weakness, they have enabled me to know the areas I can improve to enhance my relationship with other people. I have already identified a way that I can do this, and I believe that working with people with the same capacity as I am, or with people who are more superior than I am will enable me to learn how to handle constructive criticism and become a better person. I believe that the enhanced knowledge of self-awareness will help me in my professional career. I will be able to work well with people and I will improve my leadership skills to ensure that I become an effective project manager.

High School Math That Meets College Requirements

High School Math That Meets College Requirements Different colleges and universities have very different expectations for high school preparation in math. An engineering school like MIT will expect more preparation than a predominantly liberal arts college like Smith. However, preparing for college gets confusing because the recommendations for high school preparation in math are often unclear, particularly when youre trying to distinguish between what is required and what is recommended. High School Preparation   If youre applying to highly selective colleges, schools will generally want to see three or more years of math that include algebra and geometry. Keep in mind that this is a minimum, and four years of math makes for a stronger college application. The strongest applicants will have taken calculus. At places like MIT and Caltech, youll be at a significant disadvantage if you havent taken calculus. This is also true when applying to engineering programs at comprehensive universities like Cornell or the University of California at Berkeley. If youre going into a STEM field  (science, technology, engineering, and math) thats going to require math expertise, colleges want to see that you have both the college preparation and the aptitude to succeed in higher-level mathematics. When students enter  an engineering program with weak math skills or poor preparation, they face an uphill battle to make it to graduation. My High School Doesnt Offer Calculus Options for classes in math vary widely from high school to high school. Many smaller, rural schools simply dont have calculus as an option, and the same is true even for large schools in some regions. If you find that youre in a situation where calculus simply isnt an option, dont panic. Colleges receive information on the course offerings at your school, and they will be looking to see that you have taken the most challenging courses available to you. If your school offers AP calculus and you choose a remedial course on the mathematics of money instead, you clearly arent challenging yourself. This will be a strike against you in the admissions process. On the flip side, if a second year of algebra is the highest level math offered at your school and you complete the course successfully, colleges shouldnt penalize you. That said, students interest in STEM fields (as well as fields such as business and architecture) will be strongest when they have taken calculus. Calculus may be an option, even if your high school doesnt offer it. Talk to your guidance counselor about your options, which may include: Taking calculus at a local college. You may even find that some community colleges and state universities offer evening or weekend courses that wont conflict with your high school classes. Your high school is likely to give you credit towards graduation for college calculus, and youll also have college credits that are likely to transfer.Taking AP calculus online. Here again, talk with your guidance counselor about options. You may find courses through your state university system, a private university, or even a for-profit educational company. Be sure to read reviews, as online courses can range from excellent to terrible, and its not worth your time and money to take a course that isnt likely to lead to success on the AP exam. Also, keep in mind that online courses require lots of discipline and self-motivation.  Self-study for the AP calculus exam. If youre a motivated student with a  strong aptitude for math, its possible to self-study for the AP exam. Taking an AP course isn t a requirement for taking an AP exam, and colleges will be impressed if you earn a 4 or 5 on the AP exam after self-study. Do Colleges Like Advanced Math Topics? Success on an AP calculus course is one of the best ways to demonstrate your college readiness in mathematics. There are, however, two AP calculus courses: AB and BC. According to the College Board, the AB course is equivalent to the first year of college calculus, and the BC course is equivalent to the first two semesters. The BC course introduces topics of sequences and series, in addition to the general coverage of integral and differential calculus found on the AB exam. For most colleges, the admissions folks will be happy with the very fact that youve studied calculus. While the BC course is more impressive, you wont be hurting yourself with AB calculus. Note that far more college applicants take AB, rather than BC, calculus. At schools with strong engineering programs, however, you may find that BC calculus is strongly preferred and that you wont earn calculus placement credit for the AB exam. This is because,  at a school like MIT, the content of the BC exam is covered in a single semester. The second semester of calculus is multi-variable calculus, something not covered in the AP curriculum. The AB exam, in other words, covers a half-semester of college calculus  and isnt sufficient for placement credit. Taking AP Calculus AB is still a big plus in the application process, but you wont always earn course credit for a high score on the exam. What Does This All Mean? Very few colleges have a definite requirement regarding calculus or four years of math. A college doesnt want to be in a position where it has to reject an otherwise well-qualified applicant due to a lack of calculus classwork. That said, take the strongly recommended guidelines seriously. For most colleges, your high school record is the single most important component of your application. It should show that youve taken the most challenging courses possible, and your success in upper-level math courses is a great indicator that you can succeed in college. A 4 or 5 on one of the AP calculus exams is about the best evidence you can provide of your math readiness, but most students dont have that score available at the time applications are due. The table below sums up the math recommendations for a range of colleges and universities. College Math Requirement Auburn 3 years required: Algebra I and II, and either geometry, trig, calc, or analysis Carleton Minimum 2 years algebra, one year geometry, 3 or more years math recommended Centre College 4 years recommended Harvard Be well-versed in algebra, functions, and graphing, calculus good but not required Johns Hopkins 4 years recommended MIT Math through calculus recommended NYU 3 years recommended Pomona 4 years expected, calculus highly recommended Smith College 3 years recommended UT Austin 3 years required, 4 years recommended

Human Communication 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human Communication 1 - Essay Example I will ask the panel of Japanese managers if our team has delivered objectives clearly and appropriately. If their response is well-received then the communication will be a success. Nonverbal communication involves those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the sender and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the receiver   (Samovar et al, 2009).  Ã‚   In oral communication, these symbolic messages are transferred by means of intonation, tone of voice, vocally produced noises, body posture, body gestures, facial expressions or pauses (Besson et. al., 2005).   We do not always communicate the same way from day to day, since factors like context, individual personality, and mood interact with the variety of cultural influences we have internalized that influence our choices (Le Baron, 2008). Human beings use non-verbal means to persuade or to control others, to clarify or embellish things, to stress, complement, regulate and repeat verbal expressions. They can also be used to substitute verbal expression, as this is the case with several body gestures  (Besson et. al., 2005). Generations and generations of ancient tribes made do with non-verbal means of communication --animal-like guttural sounds, gestures, drawings -- to fulfill their requirements before they latched on to a language (Khan, 2001).   In Japan, when business cards are given, one should take time to look at it and treat it with respect. Unlike in the West where you can stuff it readily in your pocket, you need to first read what is written on the card and if a higher ranking person gave you the business card, you should hold it at a lower level. It is important that Western managers learn to know the importance of silence during business meeting. Unlike Westerners, Japanese people do not speak their minds at any point in time. Instead, they pause for few moments to rethink

Grand Met case, on horizontal integration Essay

Grand Met case, on horizontal integration - Essay Example So it is becoming more important for the business managers to redefine the strategies based on the situations in the market and direct the company to attain great success. GrandMet integrated horizontally and also diversified their business by merging with several companies that are either related or not related to the business. That was done in order to acquire the strategic resources that were important for the smooth operation of GrandMet. In this study the strategic choices of Max Joseph and his team would be analysed from the inception of GrandMet, so that the approaches applied for making the strategic decisions can be understood. Apart from this the reasons for choosing the strategies would also be evaluated and scrutinised so that the feasibility of the strategies can be discussed and decisions can be taken regarding the capabilities of Max Joseph and his decision making abilities. External Environment and Internal Strategic Capabilities In order to make strategic choices in the increasingly competitive environment, the firms have analysed the threats and opportunities according to the strategic management process. An analysis of the economic environment which includes the direction and the characteristics of the economy in which the firm is operating or competing has to be analysed. As far as the macro environmental aspects are concerned, GrandMet engaged themselves into the business of fast moving consumer durables (FMCG), which customers required everyday and the rate of repurchase in such cases are also high. So it can be said the choosing the FMCG market was due to the huge potential in this sector (Hitt, Ireland, and Hoskisson, 2012, p. 13-15). However, the fact remains that the FMCG market is dominated by few major players, who are considered to the best brands and they have also got well established distribution channels or supply chain, corporate system, are financially stable and have a sustainable position both economically and strategically. These features of the major players, such as Pepsi Co., or Bread Inc., in the FMCG industry were a major threat for GrandMet. Moreover, the FMCG market is extremely competitive and the customers have various choices, substitute products, and complementary products, which also gives the customers high bargaining power. This also leads to the increase in competitiveness and reduction of the profit margin of the companies or marketers. Customers are also afraid or reluctant to change or try out new products, which are an aspect of psychology or consumer behaviour, so it is also difficult to make the customers switch to a different brand. Only when the company can make sure, as to how the preferences or the taste of the customers’ changes and how it can be changed, the objective of offering new products or services would be successful (Bamford, and West, 2010, p. XVI). The market share of GrandMet was high and the sales figures of the company were higher among the global operati ons in the industry. In the year 1991, the sales of the company were around $14.771 billion, while the asset value was $17.648 billion. There were around 13.8 million employees in the company. On the basis of the sales report of 1991, GrandMet was in the 5th position among the British companies and 78th among the large corporations in the world. Apart from this, the CEO of the company Max Joseph

Bhopal Essay Example for Free

Bhopal Essay

Interview with Lenin :: Russian History

Interview with Lenin Question: What were the historic events that led up to revolution, and why did you become involved in revolution? Lenin’s answer: To answer this question we have to go way back in 1812, when Napoleon came to Russia. Russian people stood up and fought against the invader by burning the villages and supplies, thus helping Czar Alexander I. After such sacrifice, people were not rewarded for their devotion to the Czar. In December of 1825 in St. Petersburg, Russia, a group of military officials staged a revolt against Tsar Nicholas I. These rebels were liberals who felt threatened by the new ruler’s conservative views. They were, however, defeated by the tsar’s forces. As a result of this revolt, Nicholas I implemented a variety of new regulations to prevent the spread of the liberal movement in Russia. My Brother - Alexander, and me, we organized the Union for the Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class. We have traveled around Europe and we saw that all Europe was changing in the direction of Democracy. Russian Social Democratic Party in Switzerland came to conclusion that Autocracy and Czars are getting old. New and radical changes were needed. Czar, Alexander III, hanged my older brother,Alexander, for an alleged plot against him. I swore on his grave that I would avenge his death. Revolutions of 1905 and World War I also played a significant role on the â€Å"My† revolution in November. Q: What is the main target you want to achieve by revolting? A: I want to make better place for regular working class people. I want to give them everything that they have wanted for so many years. I also want to end the war. The government is blind and can’t see that people don’t understand why they are fighting and losing their fathers, brothers and sons. Q: What kind of government will you set up after the revolution? A: I want to set up socialism/communism. Central to the meaning of socialism is common ownership. This means the resources of the world being owned in common by the entire global population. I want to build the society where individual don’t own anything. People own everything. Q: What is the difference between Red Army and White Army (both of them rob peasants)? A: What we are facing here is a small economic precipice.

Purpose of My Existence

A solitary bland time-piece on a pale blue wall tolls the first dark hour in midnight's wake. A child, at tender age of 12, lies awake in her dank, cold bed. The vile darkness shrouds her in a tangible web of fear and wicked delusion. A cacophony of silence descends upon her shivering form. Her lies, thrown asunder, off her huddled form, evidence of a sleepless tussle.The ceiling fan creaks solemnly above, a monotonous jarring abeyance to the morbid silence. The air-conditioned hums softly, a prayer to end this chronic suffering. The child's thoughts wander, her cerebrum trying to weave together strains of rational thought, struggling to find answers to inquisitions a mind as young as her was never meant to ponder upon; All, in vain. She drifts, tragically at sea, through an ocean of befuddling questions to which the realm of logic fails to provide substantial answers. What is existence?Why are we here? What is to become of me? What's the point? What is our purpose? The queries grow as her mind strains to find answers, to find meaning behind this intangible veil of existence. The questions come to be her bane; she became so curious, she questions her existence, purpose and hope. That child was me.I continued to question life, until recently, when I was engrossed into deep conversation with my sister. She narrated to me her peaceful missionary trip to Kenya, in Africa. It reminded me of the serenity and tranquility of the moments I had spent in a missionary camp before. After days of contemplation and reflection, I met my mother’s old friend who served the poor as a dentist.Her passion for her job and the society was contagious. After a deep study of dentistry along with its pros and cons, and after witnessing how she treated her patient, how she examined their whole body before examining their teeth, how she was treated with utmost respect by her patients, I gained profound respect for the profession.Since I know that I have passion for souls, to cater f or them physically and in all areas of life, I know this can be achieved effectively as a dental doctor. Â  I fully understood that it was helping the deprived that gave me utter satisfaction and pleasure. Being an adventurous person, I have always liked to explore new places. I will be making this quest real by visiting many nations of the world to assist them with my dental skills to treat the underprivileged free of charge.My ultimate goal in life is to contribute to the improvement in the quality of human life through healing not only people’s teeth, but also their broken hearts and to share with them the God’s unlimited love which is already given to me, using my job as a tool.I have finished my degree in Humanities and Social Sciences from Washtenaw Community College in 2005; after which I earned a Bachelors of Sciences from University of Wisconsin-Madison in 2008. I have conducted individual research as a Research and Lab Assistant in the Medical Genetic as wel l as in Biochemistry department at Madison, Wisconsin.Also, I’ve worked as a florist and wedding planner along with other experiences such as a translator, cashier and hostess. I was the president of the Korean Engineering & Science Association and Korean Science Association; social chairman of Korean Economics Student Association; and an active member of the UW-Madison Pre-Dental Society.I’ve also taken part in many musical associations at many places. I have received many scholarships such as, Leven, Maurice & Marie Scholarship, Atlanta Alumni Club Scholarship and William F. Vilas Scholarship, and I was on the Dean’s High Honor Roll from 2003-2005.After researching the profession, I have gained tremendous respect for it. I saw how dentistry has been an important factor in so many lives. Dentistry is one of the first diagnostic tools for diseases. I want o showcase my talent and my calling to the world and since dentist are noble people in the society, I want t o be associated with it.Also, I now see life as very precious with each patient having unique stories and insights. I will have respect for each patient’s opinion, and at the same time uphold the ethics of the profession, thereby restoring back the confident of some patient that are afraid of dentist. I will relate to my patient in such a way that they will have been alright even before treating them.Lastly, with this much that I have already achieved in life and a strong commitment and passion for more, I know that I will be taking to study dentistry as my own way of contributing to the progress and development my community and the entire world. Although, there are thousand of dentists in United State, I believe that I can become one of them, God helping me.I will be very happy and fulfilled if I can be admitted to study my dreamed and long desired course. Thanks for your attention.

Human Trafficking A Common Form Of Slavery - 1228 Words

Julia Mordecai Mrs. Sklarski Religion 3 June 2016 Human Trafficking What is human trafficking? â€Å"Human trafficking is a common form of slavery today that involves the illegal trade of people for exploitation or commercial gain.† It is when people are bought and sold basically into slavery. There are multiple types of human trafficking which are domestic Sex Trafficking of Adults, Sex Trafficking of International Adults and Children, Forced labor, and Domestic Servitude. Human trafficking does not just happen in the U.S. it happens all around the world. Most traffickers who buy and sell other humans mostly send them out of their country and to a different one to work. Most questions people ask is â€Å"Is human trafficking†¦show more content†¦Traffickers have many ways in controlling their victims by physically, emotionally, and sexually abusing them. People who are mostly at risk of human trafficking runaway and homeless teenagers that are male, female, and transgender. Traffickers can sense vulnerability and low self esteem in the victims they choose. Social media can play a huge part in human trafficking because it’s very easy for a trafficker to pretend to be someone else on the internet that a victim may trust to lure them into human trafficking. The signs to look out for when a person is being trafficked is their living conditions, poor mental health and abnormal behavior, health, and lack of control. A trafficker that is convicted of human trafficking can face 15 years to life in prison and can face fines up to $1,500,000. Human trafficking happens all over the world no matter what country you live in. Every year at least 600,000 to 800,000 men, women, and children are bought, forced, and sold into human trafficking. Law enforcement is trying to make this statistic go down by trying hard to prevent human trafficking not only in the United States but also in other countries. Not only is law enforcement trying to prevent human trafficking but the church is also. Churches try and prevent this by starting organizations against human trafficking. These organizations help look for ways to try and prevent human trafficking from happening and also helping the victims that have escaped and survived human

The IT requirement and developing software for a small pharmaceutical - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 28 Words: 8541 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category IT Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Project Title Analyzing the IT requirement and developing software for a small pharmaceutical wholesaler working in India. Abstract The aim of this project is to enhance the effectiveness of pharmaceutical whole sale business in India. It is to investigate various ways of developing software for businesses in the pharmaceutical sector. This project will investigate domain-specific requirements for billing, stock maintenance, customer services; keep track of drug licenses and retail pharmaceuticals in India. And develop a software system to automate wholesale pharmaceutical company in order bring effectiveness and productivity, profitability into business. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The IT requirement and developing software for a small pharmaceutical" essay for you Create order Introduction Pharmacy is a domain, which has already shown lot of growth in India. As of now when we consider, it is still fast growing field when compared with other fields. â€Å"Bengal Chemicals and Pharmaceutical Works† is the first Indian pharmaceutical company. This company exists even now and operating in government sector. It was established in 1930. Since then most of the time India imported drugs from other countries. It happened for around 60 years. Later on in India, the government started helping pharmacy industries to see what they are today. At present there are many laws that govern pharmaceutical companies and drugs in India. There are some patent related rights. As of now Indian pharmaceutical industry is doing well and recognized by the world. It is having good share in the world market. In India around 20000 drug manufacturers exist. As peripheral outfits, medical wholesalers, retailers, dealers started growing. In this backdrop, the aim of this project is to enhan ce the effectiveness of pharmaceutical whole sale business in India. It is to investigate various ways of developing software for businesses in the pharmaceutical sector. Information Technology is best used in pharmacy to increase effectiveness in the business systems. It could be used at various levels including whole sale market of the pharmacy industry. It promotes new ways of working and making business. It ensures quality of services thereby increasing overall productivity of business systems. There are some areas that have great impact on this industry by using Information Technology. When it comes the theme of this project that is increasing the effectiveness of drugs wholesalers by adopting Information Technology as the main instrument to provide quality of service to its customers and get maximum profits out of it. The main purpose of using such software is to improve the performance, transparency, consistency in the system. It is difficult to do many things manual. The manual system has the following drawbacks. Time consumption Error prone Less profitability Less customer satisfaction Provided the above drawbacks of manual system, if the same is automated we can reap the following benefits. The benefits of using such Information Systems can strengthen the pharmaceutical industry in India. Wholesalers in this field are important part of such businesses. It is not like taking care of one business. It is like taking care of complete chain of businesses. We should have good supply chain mechanism that works with co-ordination by all business partners. The wholesalers provide both stocking and distribution functionalities. They enable customers to get products easily whenever required. There must be trade association between manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers in order to provide in time and quality service to its consumers. The pharmaceutical wholesalers can also sale other related to products not only medicines. Other products related to medicine they can have some business. They can also provide technical information to people. They are equipped with the know ledge of various drugs and how to handle them and use them. One fine thing about pharmaceutical industry is that they are controlled by the government. This paves way to good and healthy nature among the companies that are into this market. Small and medium software systems can help wholesalers and business holders provide good service to their respective customers. Customer satisfaction is the key for any business to grow. For this we have got new subjects like â€Å"Customer Relationship Management† (CRM) and eCRM. The wholesalers could be a part of SCM (Supply Chain Management). In this case they can use the common software for entire chain. Or else they can have different software with heterogeneous nature and still work under common interfaces. They can work together to achieve the business goals of business partners. Once again I reiterate that Information Technology is best used in pharmacy to increase effectiveness in the business systems. It could be used at various levels including whole sale market of the pharmacy industry. It promotes new ways of working and making business. It ensures quality of services thereby increasing overall productivity of business systems. There are some areas that have great impact on this industry by using Information Technology. Client Background Padma Agencies is the pharmaceutical business wholesaler. Its business is located in Koti, Hyderabad, India. The shop area is 12*20 sqft space. Total staff is 10 members, in these 2 members fill the stock, 2 members writing bills, 1 member collecting cash, 5 members to save and packing all to customers. They dont have any problem in serving customers. Mostly the time is wasting at billing and calculating and at cash point because the calculating and billing is manually, so at cash point he must check the items and price and total again by manually due to containing the correct prices are available for customer or not. Here price can vary by mistakes. More Details of Example Company No data base is used to maintain the stock. There are different types of products and number of companies. The company salesmen (i.e., PG, Nestle, Cadbury, etc) come to the shop and check the quantity with help of staff member and place an order for stock to them by guessing the quantity. Expiry and damage stock will be replaced by company, if the staff can find it and hand over to company. Some products (i.e., summer products, rainy products, winter products) maintain heavy stock by their seasons and demanding products. Payments All the payments done by cash and cheques on company name. If shop had a credit to particular company the M.D doesnt receive original receipt. The shop keeper get the original bill after he clear the payment, up to they had a duplicate. Customer Placing Order Customer visit with order form Customer can order by phone. Delivery Pickup the order forms from customers and serve the items to customer, after calculating manually and payment Taking the order from phone and packed in a handled care boxes and delivery by using transport facility. Payment Methods These shops accept by cash, cheques and D.D only. Selling The goods are sale only who have a drug license No(i.e., only for Retail Pharmaceuticals) Every product had a price on them i.e., called maximum retail price (M.R.P.). Present Mode of Operation They are selling all the products by whole sale price, now the present system is totally manually i.e. billing on a paper and calculating with calculators, stock maintenance is just by guessing. Price checking is maintain in a book and items are 6000-8000 different types of items they maintaining. Daily Maintenance In the company they are maintaining ten employees, 1 M.D, 1 assist manager. In these shops the customers are visit in 4-500 hundreds per day. The salesmans sales the goods only for whom having a drug license, so, here the customer should have a drug license number to buy any product in the shop. Selling Daily A customer comes with an order form containing of items, sizes and quantity. The present system is manual and has the following drawbacks. Is a semi-automated at where the information is stored in the form of excel sheets in disk drives. The information storage and maintenance is more critical in this system. Tracking the salesman activities, customer activities and progress of the work is a complex operation. Existing system cannot provide the facility of accepting cheques. Very less security because of file systems. Very less customer satisfaction as quality of service is less. Time consuming process because of manual report generation. Management of stocks may not be accurate. Prediction of drugs demand, based on seasons is complex. Placing of orders through phone and home delivery is not possible. This system cannot provide the information sharing by 247 days. Literature Review India Pharmaceutical Industry Richard Gerster said â€Å"The Indian pharmaceutical industry is a success story providing employment for millions and ensuring that essential drugs at affordable prices are available to the vast population of this sub-continent.†India is a country in which it is proven that growth of pharmaceutical science, manufacturing and wholesaling is more. Across the country there are about 20,000 manufacturing units. The drug control authority in India gives licenses to drug manufacturers. India has quality producers who complete with world giants in the same industry. It is made possible as India has advantages in terms of good and skilled man power, excellent and cost-effective chemical synthesis, and good financial and legal framework which will ensure faster growth in the industry, very good strength in information technology usage, globalization, and good opportunities for foreign investors in this sector. As can be seen in the above table large share of revenue is generated by pharmaceutica l industry in India. The table also shows the companies that stand top 10 positions. The future growth of India pharmaceutical sector is shown in the following diagram. Indian pharmaceutical industry has been witnessing a phenomenal growth in recent years. With low-cost manufacturing, most of small firms they dont have their own production facilities but they operate using the spare capacity of another company drug manufactures. High quality research, personal education and the facilities of manufacturing the Indian pharmaceuticals industry presents a competitive thread. The Indian pharmaceutical industry has got first in the Indian science based technologies with their wide range of capabilities in the complex of drugs manufacturing and technology. It is a highly organized sector worth to be a $4.5 billions and increasing the profitability with 8 to 9 percentage annually. Indian pharmaceutical industry placed before than all in terms of quality, technology, and the range of medi cine manufactured. It is manufacturing every type of medicine for a small things to sophisticated antibiotics. In the development of medicines Indian Pharmaceutical Industry playing a key role and it fallows the quality procedures by regulatory authorities in U.S.A and U.K. Many international companies are associated with this sector and these companies are assisted and stimulated for past more than 50 years and helps to India keep on the pharmaceuticals world. It is extremely fragmented with more than 20000 registered units and growing drastically in the last two decades. Only the leading 250 companies are getting 70 percentage of market with market leader holding 7% of the market share. With demanding of tablets, capsules, orals, bulk drugs, drug intermediates and pharmaceutical formulations, Indian pharmaceutical sector meets over 70% of the countries demands. In India there is 5 central public units, 250 large units and nearly 8000 small scale sector units. The Indian p harmaceutical industry has low costs of production, low RD costs, innovation of scientific manpower, strength of laboratories and increasing balance of trade. The pharmaceutical company is going on the international market with its rich scientific talent and research capabilities. The domestic pharma industry: The domestic pharma industry has recently achieved some historic milestones through a leadership position and global assessment. Many Indian companies maintained amazing standards and stability, environmental production and supply of bulk drugs to some innovate companies. More of Indian companies are now seeking regulatory approvals in USA in specialized segments. Increasing number of Indian pharmaceutical companies have been getting international regulatory approvals for their plants. Indian companies are now seeking more abbreviated new drug approvals in USA in specialized segments. Growth of Indian market: In the year of 2009 Indian pharmacy was assessed $7,743m which increments of 4% than 2007u.Business observers decided that India has made good percentage than other international companies. It is also appearing as a preferred location for pharmaceutical companies. India is the world fourth largest producer of pharmaceuticals in volume. And it increases the productivity indirectly. Indian pharmaceutical industry reached us$10.88 billion and it is likely to becomes double in volume that is us$20.95 billion in 2014. Globalization of Indian pharmaceutical industry: In the early of 1990s the Indian government has opened its market to foreign investments and started the globalization. Indian pharmacy sector globalization took place with the other countries entered into this sector. Globalization has increased the world in recent years due to rapid progress especially in communications and transport. The various advantages of globalization is it brought huge amount of foreign currency into industry and turn to boost up India. With many foreign companies entering in Indian pharmacy sector, it increase the jobs availability in India. The benefits of Indian pharmaceutical globalization is, many of the foreign international companies entering into India and brought with a highly equipment technology and it improves the medicines quality and that were available to the people. Many Indian pharmaceutical companies took over international companies to grow up and for more profits. There are some disadvantages also appearing in globalization of Indian pharmacy that there may be increase the competition between foreign pharmaceutical companies and domestic companies. This will result that the profits may decrease and companies may shut-down. And one more disadvantage is many of the foreign pharmacy companies are taking over the domestic companies which happened already. This may led to fear that foreign companies will take over the Indian pharmacy companies. And many of employees lost their jobs by the company integrations. Advantage in India: India posses a skillful work force with high technical and as well as managerial competence. The track record of development and cost-schedule synthesis for various drug molecules are excellent. Legal framework is also good in India, financial market is also good. It has a good network of world most educational institutes. The country is committed to a free market economy and globalization. after many years international pharmaceutical industry has discovered many opportunities in India. Future of pharmaceutical sector: The future of pharmaceutical sector in India is extremely good and positive. Several Indian companies are acquiring US Europe companies and several more are raising funds to do so. India has began recognizing global patents. In future Indian pharmacy going to be an unbeatable position in Pharmacy. It is one of the fastest growing sector in India. Market for pharmaceuticals in India has strong potential for increased growth. Generic drugs produced in India being accepted worldwide. Global pharmaceutical companies dealing a long term relationships with India. View of pharmaceutical sector: As in the present scenario only few people can afford costly medicines which has improved price sensitivity in the market. That is the reason most of the companies introducing the high quality medicines with low price drugs for giving the competition to other industries. With product patent act which takes place in January 2005, the Indian pharmaceutical industry is attracted the MNCs to India. At present most of the Indian companies are looking forward to tie up with foreign industries for in-licensed drugs. Contract research and pharmaceutical outsourcing are the new events in Indian pharmacy market. Indian multinational companies have created awareness about Indian market in world pharmacy industries. Legislative Framework Pertaining To Manufacture and Sale of Drugs in India In the early 1990s, the drug industry in India was negligible and used to import drugs from other countries. Later the Indian government understood the situation and decided to introduce laws related to drug manufacturing and distribution. Gradually it ensured that industry is growing faster and introduced many other laws that govern the industry. At present in India the following acts and rules are present to control the manufacture, import, export and clinical research of medicines and cosmetics in India. The drugs and cosmetics act, 1940 The pharmacy act, 1948 The drugs and magic remedies act, 1954 The narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances act, 1985 The medical and toilet preparations act, 1956 The drugs order, 1995 Academic Literature in on Requirements Analysis for Small Business Systems Pertaining to Pharmacy Information Technology is best used in pharmacy to increase effectiveness in the business systems. It could be used at various levels including whole sale market of the pharmacy industry. It promotes new ways of working and making business. It ensures quality of services thereby increasing overall productivity of business systems. There are some areas that have great impact on this industry by using Information Technology. They are: Electronic transfer of prescriptions Hospital e-prescribing Information governance The electronic prescriptions between prescribers and pharmacists improve the efficiency and quality of service. It allows various fragments of pharmacy related systems get connected seamlessly. The hospital e-prescribing programmed is used to support chain of activities like prescription, administration and supply of medicines. Information sharing is also possible among health related systems in the world. Known Issues that Affect Pharmaceutical Business There is an improving pressure on Pharmaceutical and bio-technology companies to use information technology in order to achieve their business goals. Areas in Health Care industry such as drug development, molecular research, formulary acceptance, detailing, contract sales, whole sailing has been affected by the rapid growth of IT industry The competition in the industry is comparing to be the best or second in the fray. Every area of pharmacy industry is affected by the influence of science and technology and organizations are compelled to take the help of IT at least to remain in the industry There are some issues related to laws of Indian government. The industry must stick to the acts/rules imposed by government. Such rules may be changing from time to time. Answer to many of these issues is in the ability of companies pertaining to pharmaceutical utilizing the full power of Information Technology to leverage its profitability. The information related challenges can be overcome by using Information Technology in bio technology and pharmacy. More about Pharmaceutical Industry in India The government of India has been very supportive for drug Industry in the country. The government has been giving many benefits to the pharmaceutical companies in India. They are given land for establishing company and also tax benefits related to business. The Indian government not only encouraging the companies in India, it also helped many foreign investors muster their funds and invest in India in the industry of pharmaceuticals. In the process of improvement this industry has faced many challenges too. The problems like lack of funding for beginners, difficulty in getting funds from government. The biochemical industry is uncertain. Another important problem faced by Indian pharmaceutical companies in the early stages for long time was that â€Å"lack of skilled human resources†. Of course this is there in all industries to some extent. Indian companies overcame such problems and now having a very good share in the world pharmaceutical business. Functional Requirements of Proposed System for Padma Agencies Maintenance of customer details. Stock maintenance. Billing. Order details. Keeping track of drug licenses. Predicting the future demands of the retailers based on the seasons. Ordering of goods through phone and home delivery is possible. Online ordering of goods. Customized report generation. The functional requirements are classified into the following modules Stock Maintenance Ordering Billing Stock Maintenance Module This module is responsible for complete stock maintenance. It takes care of complete inventory of medicines and related products. It can generate reports as per the stock status. As things are sold the changes in the physical store is reflected in this inventory. Ordering Module In this module all the work related to ordering of goods is done. Placing orders by predicting the behavior of the retailers and the customers. It takes care of orders sent by its retail customers. It is also responsible to generate reports related to orders received from its customers and order made to pharmacy manufacturers. Billing Module When the system is started, it should authenticate user before providing its functionalities The output bill should appear as containing the shop name, address, phone number and drug license no. It contains which system i.e. (system 1, system 2,etc), billing staff id, name, bill no(transaction number), time, date, receipt type (original, duplicate, refund, void item, void transaction, etc), quantity, product name price per single and total price quantity, and the end grand total for all products , if vat is applicable then vat summary. Salesman is the person who involves in bill preparation, report generation for the current stocks maintained and tracking the drug licenses of the retailers. It is responsible for billing activities for the licensed customers. It does mean that the retail businesses that contain a valid drug license are allowed to buy pharmacy products from this store. System Requirements Thorough understanding of the system in terms of technologies required warrants that the following are the software and hardware requirements to build this system. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS Operating System : Windows XP/2000/2003/Vista Technology : Core Java, JDBC, Swings (JDK 1.5/1.6) Database Server : Oracle 9i/10G HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS Processor : Pentium based systems with a minimum of P4 RAM : 256MB (minimum) Research Methodology Case 1: Standard labeling rules when dispensing medicines. Interfacing with a standard accounting package. Providing links to manufacturers web pages about specific products. Drug wholesalers websites to get some ideas? Standard Labeling Rules When Dispensing Medicines: A system for automated dispensing of a packaged pharmaceutical comprising good medicine labeling standards is vital to ensure the safe use of medicines. The intention of this study is to evaluate and compare compliance towards labeling standard for dispensed medications between community pharmacists and general practitioners. The medicines for human use Regulations 1994 specify the requirements for the labeling of relevant medical products which are supplied to patients. Dispensed medicines would normally require being added number of details at the time of supply. But much of the information about medicines will be available on the label of hospital manufacturing unit. The regulations has amended to allow for a reduced dispensing label requirement to cover the patient name, date of dispensing , dose or volume , direction to use and cautionary steps to follow. The medical product has to be prepared or dispensed in accordance with the prescription by the given practitioner. The a ssembled product is for retail supply or circumstances corresponding to retail supply. The assembled product must be sold from that pharmacy or at any other registered pharmacy forming part of the same retail pharmacy business. The assembled product cannot be advertised. The over label must not obscure the printed text of a licensed pack in any way. The label has to apply to the blank area designated on the original pack for the dispensing label. In cases where an original pack does not have provision for a dispensing label, the over label should be firmly attached to the pack in a manner that is easily readable and does not obscure the licensed text nor interfere with the safe and effective use of the medicine. Original packs over labeled in accordance with these principles may be supplied direct to hospital pharmacies, health centers etc without the necessity for formal variation of the Marketing Authorization by the Marketing Authorization holder. Breaking bulk (manufacturers original pack) will require a variation to the respective Marketing Authorization. It would be normally good practice to add the date of the supply; it can be form as a following diagram. The dispensed container should me labeled with the following information Practice name, address and 24 hour telephone number(s). hould specify the intended users. Client name, patient name and client address also. Purpose of the drug prescription, Drug name and Strength. Number if tables or volume in case of liquid. Date dispensed. Direction for use like dose, frequency and method taking the drug. Relevant information and warnings, and the process of preventing the danger if the drug has taken accidentally. Labeling of investigational medicines This paragraph is about the standard labeling for the investigational products which are used in clinical trials. The trail has to be conducted within the Member states conducted by study. The planning of trail doesnt require any particular manufacturing. The normal dispensing label would be of the form as shown below In addition to this quantity of dose (number of tables/capsules) is also to be added. It can also include Name of sponsor, means name research organization /investigator. Trail reference code specifying the identification of the trail site. It would contain the information on the product, dosage, storage conditions, and batch number etc. Interfacing With a Standard Accounting Package The pharmaceutical wholesaler â€Å"Padma Agencies† can have its account part integrated with some standard accounting packages already available in the market instead of reinventing the wheel again. At present its mode of payment is as shown below. Payments All the payments done by cash and cheques on company name. If shop had a credit to particular company the M.D doesnt receive original receipt. The shop keeper get the original bill after he clear the payment, up to they had a duplicate. Instead of making all the modules in the pharmaceutical application, the application can be integrated with a standard account package. All the functionalities provided by accounting packages can be reused if we can seamlessly integrate our application with that. This is possible provided standard interfaces given by the accounting packages vendors that support integration with the applications developed in other languages. This integrates accounting, accounts receivable, and inventory management systems, which allows the distributor headquarters to operate with minimal staffing. Each step of the process is self-contained and modular allowing rapid and flexible geographic expansion. Web Links to Drug Manufactures From the application we can provide the web links to different manufacturing companies across the world. So if some specific product is not available from local market that should be purchased from the manufacturing company. For that if required product has selected and makes a request than the manufacturing company web site will be explored. Pharmaceutical involves manufacturing of drugs and equipments in healthcare. Development of drugs is a costly process in pharmaceutical. And the drug producing companies should have commercial license for research and development according to the rules and regulations of the drug license standard body. And distribution and marketing is also a vital role. The pharmaceutical market of India has achieved a tremendous growth in technology and infrastructure. The sites can introduce you about the pharmaceutical industry. And site will provide the information about the latest innovations and developments and future scopes of the pharmaceutical industry. And the different aspects of the pharmaceutical industry have been explored. Moreover it provides history information about pharmaceutical industry along with its future scope. In addition to manufacturer information it is also provide that the product information, complete description of the product, its usage, storage conditions, ingredients ration, and whom should use under which circumstances. The pharmaceutical wholesalers are having a vital role in supply of medications. For ethical pharmaceuticals wholesaler provides a link between pharmaceutical manufactures and retail outlet pharmacies, dispensing doctors and hospitals and promoting the new innovative medications. The responsibilities of the Pharmaceutical wholesaler Pharmaceutical wholesalers provide distribution and stock holding functions. And for customers the products should be provided according to their daily requirements. So that avoiding customers having large stock. Retails pharmacists and dispensing doctors have to keep normal working medicine stock. The wholesalers have to efficiently supply on a daily basis or even within a shorter period after receiving the orders from their customers. Full line wholesalers can stock and sell a full range of pharmaceuticals. But Short line wholesalers should sell only fast moving products; they should not contain all the products stock. They can import these products from manufacturers or foreign wholesalers. According to the estimations of National Association of Pharmaceutical distributors (NAPD) almost 65% of supply is done by pharmaceutical wholesalers. And 25% of supply is done by manufacturers directly, and the remaining 10% is done by short line wholesalers. These products supply may fluctuate depending on the volume of parallel products. In addition to medications the pharmaceutical wholesalers also supply health related goods, but this proportion is very less in their profit. A pharmacist must also maintain stocks of very less demanded products. In UK the majority of wholesalers provide Monday to Friday, twice daily to the pharmacies they serve. And the important point here is around two third of the orders are placed through computer terminals and the remaining by telephone. Generally pharmacists place their orders before lunch time, with delivery during afternoon. To provide an effective service to the patient, the pharmaceutical wholesaler provide a wide range of products nearly 10000 items , twice daily. For the meet the quick demands in addition to normal supply there will be usually an emergency service. And other information provided by pharmaceutical wholesalers is providing technical information on matters relating to drugs they supply their specialization, marketing services, financial support and in-pharmacy computers. Some of Our Features All the products will be arranged in a category manger. So it is easy to select the product and give online order. The category is shown as bellow. The patients can get the information about the products online. The information provides the product name, quantity, Package, and how does it work etc. Shop by category: Acne-treatment Acromegaly Allergies Anemia Anesthesia Antacid Anti-aging-supplement Anti-asthma Antibacterial Antibiotics Anticoagulant Antidepressant Antiepileptic Antifungal Antihelmintic Antihypertensive Antihistamine Anti-Infection Anti-inflammatory Antilipsin Antimycotic Ant nausea-and-vomiting Antineoplastic Ant peristaltic Antipsychotic Anti-Radiation Antiseptic Antispasmodics Ant thrombosis Antiviral-agents Antivirus-bird-flu Anxiety Arthritis Baldness-treatment Birth-Control Body-Care Cardiology Chest-Pain Cholesterol Reducers Cold-and-flu Contraception Diabetes-medicine Diarrhea Disinfectant Diuretic Ears-dropper Eczema-Treatment Endocrinology Endometriosis Eyes-dropper Food Supplement Glucocorticoid Headache Heart-Disease Hemorrhoids Hepatitis-B HIV-infection Homeopathic-medication Hypertension Hypotensive IBS Immunostimulant Immunosuppressant Infertility Laxatives Liver-Disease Memory-improvement Men-health Mainers syndrome Migraine Muscle Relaxant Neuro protective Nicotine-dependence Oncology Ophthalmology Osteoporosis Other Pain Relief Pancreatic-insular-diabetic Parkinson-disease Parodontosis Prevent-ulcers Progestins Psoriasis-treatment Rosaceous-reduction Sclerosis Sedative Medication Stomach-Ache Stomach-Ulcer Surgery Varicose-veins Vitamins Weight-loss Women-health Wrinkle-evening-ou Price The price can change dynamically we wont publish the products price before. So we always provide the latest prices in a timely manner, the day you are going to order for the product. The price for transportation/shipping will depends on the location you live, order amount etc Packaging Our packing specialist will ensure your goods to arrive always in perfect condition. Every order, from a fragile box to a container load, is given the same care and attention. All specific conditions, under which the product should be shipped, such as Cold Storage, will be kept. We sell both branded and generic medications. Freight We are able to propose you any way of shipment, by road, sea and air. If it is needed we can supply you with the necessary documentation: Airway Bills and Ocean Bills of Lading, Certificate of origin. Some List of Products and Services Anti Allergic Drugs Anti Diabetic Medicines Antidepressant Drugs Antifungal Drugs Antiseptic Drugs Bulk Drugs Cardiovascular Drugs Disinfectants Drug Formulations Essential Oils Fine Chemicals Herbal Drugs Micro Crystalline Cellulose Multivitamins Nutraceuticals Pharmaceutical Bulk Drugs Pharmaceutical Chemicals Pharmaceutical Raw Materials Stearates Steroids Regulation of the pharmaceutical market The department of health will control the pharmaceutical wholesale market. In addition to this two types of control which have an effect and the market. These are Wholesale dealers license And Pharmaceutical price regulation scheme. Wholesale Dealers License Under the medicine act 1968 and regulations made under that act, all wholesalers of ethical pharmaceuticals have to be licensed by the Department of Health. For these particular considerations will be taken into account such as storage space available for products, arrangements made for securing the sage products etc. Pharmaceutical Price Regulation Scheme All pharmaceuticals are prescribed to the patient under the scheme of National Health Service (NHS) which bears the most of the cost. And PPRS is intended to prevent the pharmaceutical companies earning excessive profits. PPRS can decide the discount on some products depending on the usage of patient. Case 2: Every developer has to follow certain approach to develop or build systems in a systematic approach. Applying software engineering principles bring about clarity in development teams and good scheduling of phases and optimum utilization of human resources is possible. The Software Engineering principles make the project development makes feasible both technically and financially. Software Engineering covers some CASE (Computer Aided Software Engineering) tools also. These tools facilitate to work with all phases of development easily. There are many issues related to software development. For analysis and design we can use approaches like object oriented approach, procedure oriented approach. Object oriented approach considers everything as objects that can be used to solve problems. To model such things we can use UML (Unified Modeling Language) notations. They are used to model complex systems that help the developers and clients to understand the system clearly. In case of pr ocedure oriented systems, we can use DFD (Data Flow Diagrams) in order to show a structural flow of various modules in the system. It is a kind of Structured Analysis and Design. Its notations are different from that of UML. These symbols are process oriented. They are used to show the functionality of the system. It has context diagram, level 0, level 1 etc. in order to elaborate the requirements further. Other consideration is building a backend for the project. Backend is nothing but the database which stores huge amount of data. It is a repository of data, which allows us to create and manage databases. It could be an RDBMS/ORDBMS. It is very consistent and widely used relational technology for back ends. To design backend we can use ERD (Entity Relationship Diagrams). ER diagrams show the relationships between the tables used in the backend. It also shows association, cardinality, and navigation and so on. To reiterate, it is good practice to use a process model as per so ftware engineering principles to build systems without fail. We can minimize failure ratio by following one of the process models. A process model helps us do the project with all precautions and measures to be taken to develop it successfully. The following is the overview of all process models used in the industry. Process Model: Process model is a framework that describes the activities performed in each phase of a software project development. Currently there are several types of process models are existing .Fallowing are the six important models that are using in most of the software project development. Waterfall Model V-Model RAD(Rapid Application Development) Model Incremental model Spiral Model and Iterative model Waterfall Model: This is the most common using life cycle model .It is also referred as linear sequential life cycle model. It is easy to understand and use .In this model, each phase must have done when go for begin next phase. At the end of each phase a review takes place to find out whether the project is going in a right-way or not to continue or discard the project. The main advantage in waterfall model is, the ‘phases do not overlap in development. It works well when quality is more important than cost and schedule. It sets the requirements stability and good for management control. Here the milestones also very well understood. Advantages: Easy to use Easy to manage due to rigidity of the model-each phase has reviews and specific deliverables. Phases, one at a time only can be processed and completed. Useful when requirements are well known and works well for smaller projects. Useful for creating a new version of existing product or porting an existing product to a new platform. Disadvantages: Poor model for long and ongoing projects. Poor model where requirements are at a moderate to high risk of changing. Adjusting the scope during lifecycle may kill the project. High amount of risk and uncertainty. Can give a false impression of progress. Integration is difficult at the end. V-Model: It is the excellent choice for systems requiring high reliability. It is a variant of the waterfall model that emphasizes the verification and validation of the product. It is a sequential path of execution of the processes, like waterfall. Each phase must complete when go for next. Testing is more emphasized in this model. Testing of the product is planned in parallel with a corresponding phase of development. Before going to any coding, testing procedures should be developed, during each of the phase preceding implementation. Requirements begin the life cycle model. Before development is started a system test plan is created. This test plan is focuses on meeting the functionality specified in gathering requirements. High-level design phase focuses on system architecture and design. An Integration test plan is created in this phase for testing the software systems which creates an ability to work together. Low-level design phase is where the actual software components are designed. A unit test plan creates here. The Implementation phase is the actual coding place. Once the coding has done (transform the algorithms into software), the execution will continue with the right side of the V and test plan will be used which developed earlier. Emphasize planning for verification and validation in early stages of product development Each deliverable must be testable Management can track progress by milestones. Simple and easy to use. Disadvantages: Does not contain risk analysis activities. Does not handle iterations or phases. Does not handle dynamic changes in requirements easily Low flexibility, expensive, and adjusting scope is difficult. No early software prototypes will produce because the development has at the implementation phase. RAD Model: RAD Model is an incremental software development model that takes very short duration of development cycle. It is high-speed adaptation of ‘Waterfall model, where the result of each cycle is a fully functional system. It reduces the cycle time and improves the productivity with less people means less cost. This approach mitigates cost and schedule risks. It uses modeling concepts to capture information about business, data, and processes. Focus moves from documentation to code. RAD Model is mainly used for information systems applications. RAD approach encompasses the fallowing phases. Business Modeling: The business functions are modeled in a way that gives complete idea on what information drives the business process, what information is generated, who generated and what processes it. Data Modeling: This information flow defined as part of the Business modeling and it refined into a set of data objects. The attributes of each object are identified and the relationships between these objects are defined. Process Modeling: The data objects defined in the Data Modeling are transformed to achieve the information flow necessary to implement a business function. Processing descriptions are created for doing operations (like adding, modifying, retrieving, delete) for data object. Application Generation: RAD works to reuse existing program components or create reusable components. In all cases automatic tools are used to develop a project. Testing and Turnover: RAD Model emphasizes the reuse option, many of the program components have been tested already. This minimizes the testing and development effort. Advantages: It is suggest full when technical risks are low or high performance is not required. Reduces the cycle time. Minimizes the cost and scheduled time. Disadvantages: Hard to use with legacy systems. Developers and customers must be committed to rapid-fire activities in an abbreviated time-frame. Requires a modularized system. For large projects RAD requires sufficient resources to create the RAD teams. Incremental Model: It is an initiative approach to Waterfall model. Multiple development cycles takes place for making multiple Waterfall cycle. These cycles can divide into multiple smaller and easily managed iterations. These iterations can pass through the life-cycle phases such as analysis, design, implementation, and testing phases. A partial implementation of system software is produced during the first iteration and subsequent iterations can be produced on the initial software. If there is a need to get basic functionality early it is most suggest full. Advantages: More flexible, less cost to change requirements and scope. So, risk of changing requirements is reduced Each iteration is an easily managed milestone. Produces the partial working software quickly and early during lifecycle. During a small iteration it is easy to use and easy to debug. Disadvantages: Requires early definition of a complete and fully functional system. Well defined module interfaces are required. Each phase of iteration should be rigid-do not overlap. Spiral Model: Spiral model is similar to the incremental model, with more emphasis placed on risk analysis. It has four phases: planning, risk analysis, engineering and evaluation. A software project passes through these four phases in iterations (called spirals). A baseline spiral, starting on the planning phase requirements are gathered and risk is assessed. And each sub-sequent spirals build on the baseline spiral. Requirements are gathered in the planning phase In the risk analysis , a process is undertaken to identify the risks and as well as appropriate solutions. After completion of risk analysis phase one prototype will be produced. Software is produced in the engineering phase The evaluation phase allows the customer to evaluate the output of the project before going to the next spiral. In the spiral model, the angular component represents the progress and radius of the spiral represents cost. Advantages: Good for medium to high-risk projects. High amount of risk analysis. If significant changes are expected it will be useful. Disadvantages: Costly to use. Risk assessment expertise is required. Spiral may continue indefinitely. Doesnt suitable for small projects. Project success rate is highly dependent on risk analysis phase. Iterative Model: Iterative Model addresses many problems associated with waterfall model. In this model the analysis is done in the same way as it is in the waterfall model. There is no need to start the model with full fledged specifications of requirements. Development is beginning with the specifications of the part of the software which can then be reviewed in order to identify further requirements. It produces, every time a new version of the software for each cycle of the model. In requirement phase , gather all the requirements for the software and analyzed it. Iteration should eventually produce complete and final specification of requirements. In design phase , all requirements are designed. The designing may be a new one or extension for the old one. In the Implementation and Test phase, the software is coded, integrated and tested. In Review phase, the software is evaluated, the current requirements are reviewed again and additions to requirements are proposed. At each cycle of the model a decision has to be made for whether the software produced by the software will be discarded or keep it for the next cycle as a starting point. Advantages: Faster coding, testing and design patterns. Facilitates to support changes in the life cycle. Disadvantages: More time to spend for analysis and design. Delay in one phase effects on entire software. Lot of steps to fallow in this model. Which Process Model is best? This is not easy question to answer as there are many factors that influence it. Having discussed all the process models, now we have some fair idea about many process models. With this knowledge, we can easily choose the best model. We can use waterfall model when all requirements are known before starting developing project. However, it is not suitable for applications where the requirements not known. Prototype, Iterative and Increment Models are best used when there is some uncertainty about requirements. They can be used when the requirements are not known. They are exploratory models. For the proposed project â€Å"Waterfall† model can be used as all the requirements are known prior to developing the system. How the methodology is going to apply to our project? Requirements Gathering: This is the most important phase to build a system. Failure of gathering right requirements may leads to collapse the entire system. So a single biggest requirement of a project may leads project failure case also. In this step first we analyzed manual functionalities of the system. We understood the problems and limitations of the manual system. We understood actual functional requirements of the proposed system for this we asked many questions and we gather more information about the system what they actually need. Basis on the manual process we prepared functional requirements and we suggested unique name for each requirement. Like Maintenance of customer details Stock maintenance Billing Order details Keeping track of drug licenses Predicting the future demands of the retailers based on the seasons. Ordering of goods through phone and home delivery is possible. Online ordering of goods Customized report generation Design: Is a complete plan to solve the problems of a software. Provides complete process to build a good software. In this we designed a hierarchy for each functional requirement decomposed into pieces of hierarchal step wise statements with more detail. Example , for pharmacy billing When the system is started, it should authenticate user before providing its functionalities The output bill should appear as containing the shop name, address, phone number and drug license no. It contains which system i.e. (system 1, system 2,etc), billing staff id, name, bill no(transaction number), time, date, receipt type (original, duplicate, refund, void item, void transaction, etc), quantity, product name price per single and total price quantity, and the end grand total for all products , if vat is applicable then vat summary. Once the functionalities of Pharmacy system are classified then we grouped the related functionalities as a module, in this totally we got 3 modules, like Stock Maintenance Ordering Billing. After this we designed software architecture to develop this system, because based on schedule, cost, and quality the software architecture returns highest returns on investments. So that in this project we are going to use 2 tier architecture, to make the system initially as stand-alone system. In our project we are going to Java Swings API to develop GUI based user interfacing to interact with the system. Back end database may be either Oracle/MySQL we can use to store huge amount of logical related information. In the back end database we are going to maintain billing information, Order Details and customer information, Stock details information and payment details (cash/ cheque..etc). To interact with the back end data base system, from GUI interface we need JDBC API to perform database relevant query operations towards the underlying database. In this software design we considered many aspects according to our project. Compatibility of backend and platforms, designing software etc, Extensibility we ensure the system design even to add new enhancements in future like to make as web based system. And we designed carefully each functionality as Modular functionality, and are designing Modular components are reusable components because the stock functionality may reuse in order details. We design the system according to Security concerns also. Our system should authenticate first before providing its functionalities. We are considering Admin login and end user logins for this system. Implementation: It is nothing but simply a plan to implement the system design. Already I designed the proposed system, now this is one of the level gives detailed information about how the system should implement based on the design considerations. In the Software, the programming languages are the number of implementation in software development. Our project I am going to implement using JAVA swings, JDBC API. Swing API is more reliable and consistent GUI for all platforms i.e. there is no in appearance even executes on many more platforms, where as AWT components with specific look feel i.e. changes their appearance for one platform to another platform. Swings components have their own look feel, where as AWT with their native GUI. Swings with efficient event handling model than AWT event handling model. Swings with MVC pattern allows to customize the model layer of the GUI component, where as AWT doesnt. So Swings I am going to use for user interfacing. In this implement ation the actual coding of project is going to start like with pieces of programs. Once the programming is over then these are all small units integrated in the next phase. In our project we have 3 modules like, 1. Stock Maintenance 2. Ordering 3. Billing. Each module consist pieces (or) units of programs. In this phase each unit is tested for their functionality. For Example, Accept Order functionality tested whether its functionality performs in successful manner or not. This kind of functional testing for each functionality known as Unit Testing. This testing ensures whether the module (or) functionality reaches to their functional or not. With this we can overcome the bugs in the project, helps to develop a bug free system. For this we can use JUnit test tool. Integration and System Testing: In this phase the tested units are going to integrate like as a complete system. System testing means we will test the complete integrated system to ensure all the modules whether they reached their target functionality or not, in this we will get co-ordination among whole modules of the system as per the specification. Once the Integration system testing is over it delivers to end user. The medicine inventory and report status as per the stock and all these functionalities are over then we will integrate all the related unit of programs under Stock maintenance module. we will perform module testing for Inventory, billing and order modules to ensure their module functionality. Deliver or Maintenance and Operations: This phase is also known as ever ending phase. Because while developing the software some problem may arise and we can solute through unit testing and system testing as discussed above. But some are the problems may raised once we deploy the project into the client machine. During runtime or practical use some issues may raise for the system functionality. So I going to provide time to time solution for the system as come under maintenance. Once the system is build I need to provide supports maintenance to Padma Pharma Agencies. PLANNING: SL NO Activity Min time Max time 1 Review the literature to find out the requirements. 1 weeks 3 weeks 2 Understand the requirements of the client 2 weeks 4 weeks 3 Research and Analysis for developing project. 4 weeks 6 weeks 4 Design a backend, user interface and development. 8 weeks 10 weeks 5 Code functionality for the application 6 weeks 8 weeks 6 Test the application and user documentation 3 weeks 5 weeks 8 Critically evaluate the project. 1 week 2 weeks References 1. https://www.pharmaceutical-drug-manufacturers.com/pharmaceutical-industry/ 2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceuticals_in_India 3. https://cdsco.nic.in/html/law.htm 4. https://www.wipro.in/Domains/Healthcare/hospitalinfosys.htm 5. https://www.dbresearch.com/PROD/DBR_INTERNET_EN-PROD/PROD0000000000224095.pdf 6. https://www.rpsgb.org.uk/worldofpharmacy/currentdevelopmentsinpharmacy/itinpharmacy/index.html 7. https://www.ciber.com/enterprise-integration/pharmaceutical-business-intelligence/ 8. https://codebetter.com/blogs/raymond.lewallen/archive/2005/07/13/129114.aspx 9. https://aspalliance.com/articleViewer.aspx?aId=1017pId=-1 10. www.onestoptesting.com/sdlc-models 11. https://www.rspa.com/spi/process-prescriptive.html 12. https://www.cavehill.uwi.edu/staff/eportfolios/paulwalcott/courses/comp2145/2009/software_process_models.htm 13. https://www.elucidata.org/refs/seglossary.pdf 14. https://toostep.com/trends/types-of-sdlc-models.htm 15. https://www.competition-commission.org.uk/rep_pub/reports/1989/fulltext/253c2.pdf 16. https://www.jrosspub.com/Engine/Shopping/catalog.asp?store=12category=-1item=14192 17. www.indiainbusiness.nic.in/industry/drug-pharma.htm 18. https://www.espicom.com/prodcat.nsf/Product_ID_Lookup/00001851?OpenDocumentgclid=CI2Q-diUpp8CFYItpAodHB 19. https://www.ct-toolkit.ac.uk/_db/_documents/labelling.pdf. 20. https://www.nzva.org.nz/files/sharedimages/_Word_-_B2_1_3_Packaging___Labelling_16May03.pdf 21. https://www.anilinepharma.com/ 22. https://www.acutecareonline.com/ 23. https://www.amerisourcebergen.com/abc/ 24. http:[email  protected]/* */!88!8C!2334A770D612/AlexanderYnzon/Pharmaceutical/ 25. https://www.aipharma.com/ 26. https://www.apluspharmaceuticals.com/ 27. https://www.aurorapharm.com/